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Stroke Imp/Imb is a thickened version of stroke Em:
-
Represents the
compound sound of MP or MB
-
No vowel comes
between the M and P, or M and B sounds
-
Can take N and Shun
Hooks
-
Doubled, or R
Hooked, for "imper/imber"
-
Never takes L Hook
-
Can be halved only
when has a R or N Hook, plain form never halved
-
Lightly sounded P
sound omitted and stroke M used e.g. "prompt" "prompter"
"assumption"
-
Not used for silent
longhand letters e.g. "lamb" "comb"
-
Used for short forms
"important improve impossible" (Short
Forms List 4)
Stroke Imp/Imb
Hooks
Halving
Doubled or with R Hook
When not to use
Stroke Imp/Imb
Represents the compound sound of MP or MB, no vowel comes between,
but can have a vowel either side:
amp imp impish samp sump swamp swampy
stamp stump stumpy impose impostor
imposture impetus
impetuous
umpteen empathy sympathy impetigo humpty-dumpty
impel impeller impelled impale impala ampoule
ampère amperage impair impure impurity empower
umpire empire empirical emperor imperative
imperial imperious empanel impact Simpkin
impeach impinge impunity amputate imputed impudent
impedance
symposium Simpson Sampson (compare Samson) Thompson/Tompson
pump pumping pampas pompous pomposity
pompom*
pumpkin
*same as pompon = wool tassel; "pompom" & "pom-pom" is also a
type of automatic cannon
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Pompeii
(pronunciations vary) Pompey plump
primp
bump bumpkin bumptious blimp
temp tempo tempera temperance temperate
temporary
See temporal below
timpanist Tampa tempest tempestuous trump
trumpery tramp trampoline
damp damp-proofing dump dumpling dumpster Dempster
Dempsey
camp decamp campus Kempsey campanula Kampala
scampi skimp crimp scrimp clamp
clump gump grumpy gramps*
gazump
*Colloquial for "grandpa, grandfather"
mumps mumpish chomp champ chimp jump jumpy
lamp lumpy slump limp Limpsfield palimpsest
Olympia Olympic Olympiad ramp rampage
rump
reimpose reimport frump flump vamp revamp thump
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shampoo shrimp wimp wampum mugwump
hump hemp hempseed Hampshire humpback Humboldt
imbue umbo samba embus emboss
embossed
umbel umbilical ambulance embolism embellish
ambush ambitious embassy embezzle imbecile embarrass embark
embog ambiguous ambivalent imbibe* imbiber*
*Note the first B is part of the stroke Imb
embody ambassador ambidextrous Timbuctoo/Timbuktu plumbum plumbago
bombe*
bamboo bamboozle Bombay bumbo
bimbo
*= ice cream dessert, the B is pronounced,
derived from French
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bambino bombast bombastic bombyx brumby
tambour tambourine tombola Dombey disembowel
jumbo jamboree Chimborazo akimbo camboose
cambium cambial Kimbolton Abercrombie* cambistry
*Vowel may vary "crum" or "crom"
Cambodia gamba Gambia gumbo gamboge
limbo lambaste Lambeth lumbago Colombo* alembic
*Vowels may vary
according to speaker
mamba Mombasa Mozambique embalm embalmed
nimbus nimby namby-pamby
mumbo-jumbo
Zambia Zambezi Zimbabwe*
zombie
*Note the first B is part of the stroke Imb
rumba rhomb* rhombus rhombic rambutan rumbustious
*The B is pronounced
flambeau flambé framboesia/frambesia thrombosis symbiosis*
symbiotic*
*Suggested outlines, not in dictionary
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Comparison with the words they are derived from (or
related to) shows how the stroke Imp replaces the plain stroke Pee:
pulse impulse polite impolite potent impotent
port import porter importer pervious impervious
passive impassive pasta impasto pediment impediment
pose impose position imposition
pertinent impertinent poverty impoverish
pass impasse passable impassable partial impartial
patience impatience patient impatient
part impart impartation
but
impartment*
*For ease of joining "-ment"
piety impiety pious* impious* impiously*
*"pious" has different vowels from
the other two
pecuniary impecunious peccable impeccable
bay embay embayment bale embale
battle embattle bank embank bug humbug
bosom embosom boldest embolden unbalanced imbalance* * "balance" is a short form
(Short Form List 1)
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Hooks
N Hook:
pompon* Pompeian pumpion plumpen tympan tampon trombone
*same as pompom
dampen
champion chimpanzee champagne campaign campion crampon
lumpen lampoon Olympian rampion Grampian
sampan impugn impawn impen* hempen *enclose in a pen
Shun Hook:
ambition impassion imposition reimposition
Where there is no vowel before the Shun Hook, the
lightly sounded P is omitted and stroke Em is used:
exemption presumption
resumption consumption assumption
redemption gumption
R Hook is described together with Doubling
below, as both methods represent the
same sound = imper/imber
Never takes L Hook, use either stroke Ell or
compound consonant Pel Bel.
impel
(more above)
ample (more
below)
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Halving
Basic Imp/Imb cannot be halved, as that form is
already allocated to MD. Only the hooked form can be halved.
1. When no vowel follows, the P is hardly
sounded. It is therefore omitted and a halved Em is used to
represent the M(P)T sound. This
reflects the pronunciation and produces a shorter outline. Do
not be misled by the final "-ed" in the longhand spelling, the
pronunciation is always the T sound. The compound sound MBD (i.e.
with no vowels between) does not occur, which is why the halved and
thickened Em stroke was allocated to the sound of MD.
pumped plumped prompt pre-empt bumped tempt tramped dumped
champed chomped jumped camped encamped unkempt decamped
cramped crimped clamped skimped scrimped exempt
lumped slumped limped gazumped revamped thumped romped shrimped
humped stamped stomped swamped sumptuary
empty temptation temptress impromptu presumptuous
have a vowel after the T sound, so would require a stroke anyway, to write the
vowel against. With such words you could use stroke Imp if you wanted, but your
outline would not match the theory book or the dictionary. You cannot however
use a thickened halved Em, because that is not available, being already used to
represent plain MD.
Compare the following pairs: MT which represents M(P)T, and
MD:
bumped bummed tempt tamed dumped deemed
ramped rammed cramped crammed stumped stemmed
Note the halved Em behaves as per normal halving rules, it can
have a vowel between the M and the T sounds:
prompt
promote prompter promoter limped
(="limt")
limit
Names and place names must remain clear, as context
cannot help, so stroke Imp is used, even though the P sound may be
spoken just as lightly as the above words:
Ampthill Hampden Hampton Hampstead
compare Hamstead
Compton Crompton Bampton
Frampton Southampton*
*correct
with one longhand H, no aspirate is pronounced or required in the outline
Speakers will vary according to how much they
pronounce the light P sound, and some may leave it out altogether,
but the shorthand outlines should remain constant. What people say
when they are speaking carefully may be entirely different from
their pronunciation in actual fast usage.
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2. If there is vowel after the MP/MB, add
stroke Tee or Dee:
impute trumpet strumpet strombite crumpet ambit gambit
wombat limpet limpid embayed imbued impede
stampede sambaed mamboed ombudsman rhomboid flambéed shampooed
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3. Halved if Hooked
Can be halved if it has an R Hook or N Hook:
hampered rampart whimpered Lambert slumbered cambered clambered scampered
impend/impenned*
impugned impound impawned ambient
Note:
impended impounded
*impenned = past tense of impen, to enclose in a
pen
dampened championed campaigned lampooned lambent rampant flamboyant
4. Not halved when it has Shun Hook, use halved Ish+N Hook:
ambitioned*
impassioned
impassionate
*adjective = full of ambition, suggested outline, not in shorthand dictionary. See also Theory 9
Shun Hook/halved stroke page.
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Doubled or with R Hook
The sound of imper/imber (with the accent on the first syllable and
a slurred second vowel) is represented both by doubling and by using
the R Hook. The two strokes shown above represent identical sounds,
and which to use depends on the convenience of the join.
See also the Quick Reference Table on
Theory 11
Doubling page
Use the doubled stroke when it is the only stroke in
the outline, or after a downstroke or Em:
amber ember umber sombre/somber simper stamper
pamper pumper plumper bumper Bamber
tamper tamperer temper temperament temporal*
*This is exceptional, as the vowel after the P is "or" not "er", but doubling is
used to prevent similarity with temporary/temporarily, see
above
temperature distemper damper dumper
chomper chamber jumper September December
but November
(contraction)
mumper thumper
Northumberland
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Use the hooked form in all other cases i.e. after
upstrokes and straight horizontals (the doubled stroke would join perfectly
well to a horizontal, but the hooked form is preferable so that it
can be halved for past tenses):
camper/camber scamper Camberwell Camberley Cumberland
cucumber Stogumber whimper romper reimburse
hamper humper/Humber lumper/lumber/lumbar slumber limper/limber Lamberhurst
If the Imp has an N hook, the doubling adds -der
(these 4 words are the only examples):
imponderable
imponderability imponderous impounder
Note:
ponderable ponderous
Past tenses: the doubled form changes to Em and
halved Per/Ber:
tampered tempered timbered simpertinentimpered chambered pampered
As doubling of stroke Imp only adds -er, to add
the sound of -eter, stroke Tee with R Hook is used:
trumpeter embitter imputer Lampeter
If there is no central vowel, then the P sound is
only lightly sounded and need not be represented: use Em doubled, which adds the
-ter sound as per normal doubling rules:
prompt prompted prompter tempt tempted tempter
Plumptre
(plump-ter & plum-ter)
The dictionary gives no final vowel for the first
outline. Isaac Pitman's Phonographic & Pronouncing Dictionary of 1894 gives the
name "Plumptree" same as the first outline but with a heavy final vowel to
match the spelling. This is a town-derived surname = place of plum trees.
Note: pumpernickel* sempervirent*
shrimper**
shrimp
*For ease of joining
**Not doubled, to provide added distinction from "shrimp" as both
are nouns
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When not to use
1. Vowel between: not used if there is vowel between the M
and the P/B sounds:
map mapped mope moped
(past tense of mope)
moped
(bike)
maypole myopia
mob mobbed mobber mobile Namibia
amoeba/ameba demob somebody homebody
2. Con/com dot: the representing of
con/com/cum, either by the initial dot or by disjoining, includes the M sound,
so only the following P or B stroke needs to be written:
compel compare complain comprise
recompense encumber
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3. MBL: If no vowel between, or only a slurred
unaccented vowel, use plain Em and Pel/Bel:
ample amply amplify employ imply
implication
implore implode amble umbles Embleton
emblem
emblazon pimple preamble bumble bramble
temple Templeton template tumble tremble dimple
Campbell
(pronounced "camble")
gamble/gambol crumple crumble scramble
jumble fumble thimble assembly
shambles shambolic*
*not in dictionary, suggested outline
based on "symbolic" below
sombrous sombrero sample example
simple
stumble symbol/cymbal symbolic
but symbology
mumble nimble ensemble*
resemble rumble
*Anglicised pronunciation
humble Hambleton wimple Wembley
Wimbledon
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4. MPR MBR with no vowel between, use plain Em and Per/Ber:
empress impress impression imprint imprison
improper improvise imprudent lamprey
embryo embrace Ambrose ambrosia embrasure
embroil umbrella imbroglio umbrage
Flamborough Northumbria Cumbria Hambrook
Note also
Hamburg Cambourne Wimborne
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5. Derivatives
starting Im+per and Im+pl
1. If the word is derived from one that uses a hook
i.e. PR PL BR BL, retain that form and use stroke Em before it:
person impersonate personal impersonal perfect imperfect*
*Contraction
permanence impermanence perforated imperforated
permeable impermeable permissible impermissible
placate implacable placement
emplacement plausible implausible
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6. Compound words: not used where the M and
P/B belong to different words:
timepiece tomboy dumb-bell homebred homebrewed
bumboat gumboot gumboil hymn-book
time-bomb plum-pudding stormbound lamp-post*
*choice of full outline or contraction (this contraction is ignoring
the rule, as the outline is sufficiently distinctive)
7. PH: Not used where the longhand P is part
of PH = F sound:
triumph lymph nymph galumph
amphitheatre amphibian amphora samphire
pamphlet emphasise symphony emphysema
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8. Silent B: A longhand silent B has no place
in shorthand and the M is treated as normal:
aplomb* plumber bomb bombing tomb dumb
*Anglicised pronunciation (from
French)
comb succumb climb crumb
lamb limb thumb womb numb number
(= more numb, pronounced "nummer")
lambed limbed thumbed combed climbed
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