Sounds/syllables/words omitted from a phrase are underlined
An intersection is a stroke written through an
outline, in order to represent a whole word, thus forming a phrase.
-
It
is never vocalised.
-
It
can take Circle S to form plurals/possessive.
-
If the intersection word comes before, it is written through
or adjacent to the
first stroke of the main outline. If the intersected word comes
after, it is written through or adjacent to the last stroke. The strokes should
still be written in the order that they are spoken, even if the
intersection comes first.
-
Where both words in a phrase can be intersections, it is
preferable to write the first as the full outline and intersect
the second one, making it easier to place the intersection.
-
The
position of the main outline or phrase is as normal, it is not
influenced by the intersection.
-
The
intersected stroke may be written in proximity when more
convenient. When written in proximity, it is sometimes possible
to also place it in position to indicate its vowel e.g. Bs
through the line for "biz" = "business".
-
Two
intersections can be written through each other, but these need
to be very common or obvious phrases, as the resultant phrase
will contain minimal information.
Those commonly given in instruction books
are marked with an asterisk*. The others may
be considered for adoption, depending on how useful you consider
them to be in your line of work or interest. Sometimes an intersection is only useful
for a single phrase e.g. House of Commons, bona fide.
New intersections can be made at will to suit your
own requirements, preferably after completing your learning of the
system and when your shorthand is being used in a real-life
situation (rather than an exam) where the subject matter is likely
to have its own set of common phrases or technical/jargon words. You should consider
carefully whether
a new intersection will remain legible and that no clashes are
possible. It is helpful to keep them listed in your resource file so that you can review and revise from time to
time.
There is no need to assimilate all of those shown,
as many are of specialist use only, and unlikely to occur in a
shorthand exam. In any case, the slower speeds in exams may require
textbook shorthand, rather than personalised or advanced
intersections and abbreviations. A seldom-used or half-remembered
intersection is more likely to produce hesitation than time saving.
Intersections should not be used haphazardly as a
way of avoiding consulting the dictionary and learning the correct
outline, but in a difficult moment a hasty untried intersection or
part of an outline is
better than leaving a gap.
STROKE |
FULL OUTLINE |
INTERSECTION |
P |
party*
policyProximity only:
per cent
per annum |
political party, birthday party, Christmas party, office
party
council policy,
government policy, insurance policy, company policy
5%,
10% per annum, five per cent
Use the intersection only after a numeral, but in
full after an outline, as in longhand |
Pr |
professor |
Professor Smith, professor of
music, music professor |
Pl |
application |
to make application,
many applications, enclosed application |
Pn |
punishment |
corporal punishment, school punishment, necessary punishment |
Ps |
apparatus |
heating apparatus, electrical apparatus, scientific
apparatus |
Ps |
purpose |
for the purpose*, for the purposes*, for these purposes, for those purposes
*These two are sometimes shown as F+Ps, not
intersected, thus omitting "the", but the plural of that version could be
ambiguous, making equal sense with or without "the"
any other purpose, primary purpose, for many purposes
If you felt this might
clash with another use of Ps, could use PPs instead
|
sPr |
superintendent |
chief
superintendent, railway superintendent
superintendent of
works, superintendent of police |
PM |
period of time |
for some period of time, during this period of time, various
periods of time |
B |
bank*
bill
bishop
Top of page |
national bank, bank charges, river bank,
Thames Embankment
Parliamentary Bill,
Finance
Bill*
* "finance" can also be pronounced "fye-" so you
could write this outline above the line
Bishop of York, Bishop of London
(See
Contractions Optional
for archbishop) |
Bs |
business*
See
Phrasing
4/Omission/business
for other joined versions |
daily business, business contact, any business, any other business
printing
business, terms of business, business
references, business practice |
T |
attention* |
for your attention, paying attention, immediate attention, undivided attention
draw your attention, draw your immediate attention to
the matter, call attention to the matter
urgent attention, my attention has been called, my
attention has been drawn |
Tr |
alternative |
there is no alternative, do we have any alternative, we have no
alternative
alternative
sources, alternative energy, alternative plans
Use full outline for
"alternate" to avoid ambiguity.
alternative = a second
choice, option or possibility available
alternate = every other one, every second one
This comes from Latin "alter"
= other, one of two |
Tl |
telephone |
Suggested intersection,
based on the common longhand abbreviation "Tel" :
telephone
message, answer the telephone, telephone call |
Tv/Tf |
television |
Suggested intersection:
television screen, television signal,
television cable, cable televisionIf the person says "TV" or "telly"
then you would write that in full:
television aerial but TV*
screen, telly
*Suggest separate T and V
strokes, clearer than joining them. |
Trf |
traffic |
motorway traffic, traffic warden,
traffic problems |
D |
department* |
sales department,
training department, Department of the Environment
department manager, departmental manager
Do not use the intersection for "departmental"
as the meanings are almost identical |
Dr |
director |
company
director, director's report
board of directors
Attach, if intersecting is not practical
Use full
outline for "director" if you think you might misread
it as "doctors" |
Dv |
dividend
division
Top of page |
declare a dividend, long division,
division of labour
cellular division, political division, first division,
second division |
Ch |
charge*
Chancery**This was included
when intersections were first introduced, as it was assumed
reporters would very often be reporting government business. |
electrical charge, free of
charge, in charge, take charge
extra charges,
surcharge, Chancery report
|
J |
journal |
daily journal, medical journal,
financial journal, copy of the journal
See Contractions
Optional for "journalist" |
Jnr |
engineer |
electrical engineer, mechanical
engineer, civil engineer
mechanical engineering department, electrical engineer but
electrical knowledge*
*Don't use plain N-J as an abbreviation for "engineer", as that
is the short form for "knowledge". |
K |
company*
council*
capital
captain*
*Choice of full outline or
optional contraction |
manufacturing company, ballet
company, company report
from the company,
of the company, to the company, in the company
county council,
city council*, council of reference
capital city*, capital
expenditure, capital gains
*Compare the position of the
intersections in "city council" and "capital city"
Captain Jones, Captain Grant,
Captain Pitt
This intersection best only used with personal names |
Kr |
corporation
colonelThe
pronounced R of "colonel" is shown in the shorthand instead
of the first L of the spelling |
broadcasting corporation, publishing corporation
Colonel James, Lieutenant Colonel
See also
Phrasing 2/corps
where the Kr is joined, not intersected
As K = captain, and Kr =
colonel, this leaves "corporal" having to be written in
full, although a non-textbook suggestion might be to
intersect Kr+P = "Corp". |
K+L |
company limited |
Speedy Company Limited, Design Company Limited
If you wanted to signify the
shortened version "Co Ltd" you could vocalise the Kay. |
G |
government* |
local government, government policy
If necessary, expand to "gov" G+V to distinguish from "company".
company report, government report
"Gov" is a good
non-textbook substitute, quicker than the full outline,
and more reliable than the Gay intersection. "Gov" alone is
also the short form for govern/governed.
Take care with:
United States Government, United
States of America
Here again, "gov" would be more reliable, or you
could place the intersection through or above the Ses Circle (non-textbook suggestion) |
Gn |
beginning* |
at the beginning, in the beginning, small
beginnings
at the beginning of the year,
beginning of the book, from the beginning,
from the beginning to the end, from beginning to end |
F |
form*
formed*
faithfully*
official
federal
forth
Top of page |
application form, necessary forms, we have just formed
in one form or another, some other form
yours faithfully, faithfully yours
official papers, official reason, official opening
federal reserve, federal offices, federal army
= You need to be perfectly sure of the context,
because "official" would make sense in all of these.
call forth, go forth, come forth
See also forth
Phrasing2/forth
|
V |
valuationshort form
|
very low valuation, valuation of the property,
valuation department*
*The second version is
quicker |
Vn |
convenience*
convenient* |
it will be convenient, it is
convenient, if convenient, convenient time
at your convenience, at your earliest convenience, public convenience
Don't use this intersection through "not"
"no" or "any" because that would clash with
"inconvenient":
inconvenient*, it is
inconvenient, it is not convenient, it is no convenience
*Contraction |
Ith |
authority*
month* |
local authority, military authority, we have the authority
railway authority
many months, for months, few months
some months, some months ago, summer months
month of March, twelve months, in a month's time
from month to month, several months,
seven months
See also
Phrasing 4 Omission/month
where the stroke Ith is joined |
S |
society*
scientific
Australia |
musical society, agricultural
society, drama society
society of musicians, musicians'
society*,
building society, artists' society
*Writing the intersection
alongside makes it clear that that word comes last.
scientific research, scientific papers,
scientific experiments
government of Australia,
Northern Australia, Western Australia |
Sn |
Australian |
Australian English, Australian customs,
Australian government |
Ish+s |
assurance* |
life assurance, life assurance policy
compare
life insurance |
M |
mark*
market
morning*
manager*
minister
Major
America
mentioned
Top of page |
trade mark, water mark, dirty marks, mark of respect
financial markets, market conditions, farmers' market,
cattle market
this morning,
yesterday morning, tomorrow morning, Monday morning
See also Phrasing 2/afternoon
evening
sales manager, general manager,
team manager, club manager
Minister for Defence, Education Minister, minister of religion
* "Min" can be used as an alternative, or you
could use M for minister, and Min for ministry, as long as you are consistent
in how you use them
Major Brown, Pipe Major, Drum Major
"Major General" should be in written full, as an intersection would be the same as
"general manager" above, and writing the stroke Em over the top would look too much
like "majority".
See also sergeant major in
Contractions Optional
South America, North
and South America
but United States of America
above-mentioned, I have mentioned, it was mentioned, it has
been mentioned
it should be mentioned, before-mentioned, afore-mentioned |
s+M |
similar* |
similar reasons, similar
reaction, very similar, or similar
Must be clearly intersected,
and not written adjacent, so it does not look like "some" or "same".
same reasons, some reasons These
could also be phrased
See also
Contractions Optional/dissimilar |
N |
enquire
enquired
enquiry
(also spelled inquiry, with
third place dot)
national*
industry |
I will enquire,
we have enquired, we have made enquiries
for your enquiry, in reply
to your enquiry
national newspapers, national affairs, national production
But national importance in
full, compare unimportant
heavy industry, steel
industry, iron and steel industry*, rural industry
*The Circle S looks looped,
but that is because it is written between curved strokes. A Stee Loop
would never occupy such a position. |
Ns |
insurance* |
insurance papers, insurance policy
life insurance, necessary insurances, fire insurance company,
third party insurance |
N+Shun |
communication |
in/any communication, regular
communication, communication
system, communication difficulties
Must be clearly intersected,
and not written adjacent, so that it does not look like the short form "information".
regular information, information
system
See also
Phrasing 2/information |
Ing |
angle |
sharp angle, wide angle, obtuse angle
right angle,
at right
angles, angle of attack
See also
Phrasing 2/right angle |
L |
limited*
liberal
lieutenant
(English and American pronunciations
respectively) |
limited company, And Sons Limited, Dance Company
Limited
Liberal
candidate,
Liberal manifesto, Liberal Party
As these two words above
have opposite meanings, it is probably best to use the
"liberal" intersection for political terms only.
Non-textbook suggestion: for greater safety you could
interesect L+B instead.
Lieutenant Brown
compare Lord Brown
Best only used with a
personal name |
Ar |
arrange*
arranged*
arrangement* |
I have arranged, make arrangements, will you
please arrange the matter
necessary arrangements, formal arrangements, wedding
arrangements |
Ray |
require*
required*
requirement*
railway
royal
already
recollection
Top of page |
I will require, you may require, we
have required
I know
the requirements, their requirements, they are required, they
are requiring
railway station, railway carriage, railway lines, railway
authority* *See also authority
above
royal family, royal throne, royal jewels
Don't use this for "royal carriage", as
it may be misread "railway carriage"
The "already" intersection is best used attached
to a following verb:
we have already seen,
we have already done, it has already been
which is already being, I have already
found, I have already said
I have already referred*,
I have already received*
compare
I have referred, I have received
*Note the intersected Ray represents "already"
and not the R of "referred" or "received"
best of my recollection, best
of our recollection, best
of your recollection
|
Rf |
referring |
referring to your letter, referring
to your call, referring to my recent report |
s+Ray |
conservative |
conservative estimate, conservative figure, conservative
total
Conservative
Party |
Hay Way Wel |
|
Hay, Way and Wel, like all strokes, can be used for any term that
you are dealing with on a regular basis within a particular
field of work/interest. These few suggestions are given to
illustrate the general method, but you would not use them in
a shorthand exam as there would be insufficient context and
reading back would be approaching guesswork:
hypodermic needle, hydraulic pump, hydrogen peroxide,
helicopter pilot
walking club, wedding dress,
weather forecast, welfare support |
Yay |
yield
united
unanimous
unanimously |
higher yield, average yield, regular yield, yield
per annum
United Nations, United Dairy Company Limited
See
Contractions Optional
for "United Kingdom, United States"
carried unanimously, unanimous vote, unanimous decision* *See
also
Phrasing
2/unanimous
As the meaning is similar to
"united", only use for well-known "unanimous"
phrases. |
One-offs |
Top of page |
leader of the opposition, speaking from
memory, vote of thanks
bona fide, in the fullness of time*, pro forma
*Not to be confused with
for the first time/Phrasing 5
public library, hire purchase, by return of post
House of Commons, House of Lords, in the House of
Commons, in the House of
Lords
Note that these do not show the final S |
|