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Sounds/syllables/words omitted from a phrase are underlined
4.
Distinguishing pairs
5.
Joined vowels
(a) Diphthong for "I"
(b) Diphthong for "you"
(c) Joined vowel omitted
6.
Forms exclusive to phrasing
(a) Tick The
(b) He
4. Distinguishing
Pairs
accounts counts |
by all accounts, by all counts |
|
N + -ther |
another, in there/their, in other, neither
know there/their, any other/in them,
no other/know they/know them
Distinguishing vowels are
shown for reference.
"neither" This
vowel is always written as it is a normal part of the
outline. Given so many
variations of the doubled En, it is not worth phrasing "neither" because you
would need to go back and insert the vowel, thus losing any
time you might gain by phrasing. The exceptions are the two
common phrases shown in
Phrasing 5/neither.
"no" needs
the dash vowel if it is within a phrase, to distinguish it
from "any"
another time, in their time, in other times
neither time*, any other time, no other time, at no other
time
another one, in their one, in other ones
neither one,
any other one, no other one, at no other one
another of them, neither of them, any of them
Pronunciation "neether" – this version lends itself
to phrasing as there is no joined vowel, although "neither"
with its joined diphthong is more distinctive. It would be prudent to always insert
the dot vowel in "neether", even when not phrasing,
because there are so many other variations with the doubled
En stroke, as listed above. Be
consistent about which one you use, regardless of how the
speaker pronounces the word:
neither, neither time, neither one, neither of them |
consideration instruction |
further consideration, further
instruction Vowels
helpful |
|
un- in- not |
"un-" and "in-" can remain in the phrase, but
lift the pen after "not":
it is unnecessary, it is not necessary, it is unlike, it is
not like
we are unable, we are not able
it is
unlawful, it is not lawful, it is untrue, it is not true
he is incapable, he is not capable, in so far as/insofar as, not so far as
If a clash is unlikely, then it is safe to join the
"not":
are not found, are not present, should not be, I would not
be
Ensure the "not" remains curved, so that it doesn't look like "quite" and
insert
vowels if necessary.
not acceptable, quite acceptable, quite*
*As this is a short form, it has no vowel sign, but it
can still be indicated if required
|
know note
may might
can could
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Write the halved outline separately, enabling it to be
written in position. Inserting the vowels shown provides
additional distinction, but you should not rely on always
having the time to insert the vowels:
I
know that, I note that, we know they will, we note they will
I may be, I might be, he may
come, he might come
you can have, you could have, I can be, I could be
Full phrasing is possible here: I cannot be, I could not be |
all two |
in all cases, in two cases |
well low ill |
very well, very low, very ill |
for the, in the |
for the year, in the year*
also similar: over the year,
after the year
*As with "quite" above, the
vowel of "in" could be inserted, if you find you have written it joined and need
to ensure it is not misread, although it is not strict theory to insert vowels
in short forms. |
for, off |
for the record, off the record
Opposite meanings, with dire
consequences if "off the record" comments should end up
being typed in a report and published. Non-textbook
suggestion: You could intersect the two halves of "off
the/record" to be quite sure of distinction. |
if, for |
"If" is doubled or halved, "for" remains unchanged:
if there is/has, if there were, for there is/has, for there
were
See also
Phrasing 3/for they are, if they are
if it, if it was, for it,
for it was |
any, no, under,
in a |
anyway, no way, underway, in a way |
as is, as we |
as is expected, as we expect/expectedThis clash could occur whenever the large circle is followed by a verb. |
is, has |
it is to be remembered, it has to
be remembered
Breaking up the phrase allows the "has" to be
written in its
correct position |
day, date |
today, to date, up to date/up-to-date*/update
up-to-date =
adjective: I submitted an up-to-date
report.
up to date = adverbial
phrase:
I brought him up to date with events at the office.
update = verb: I will
update my diary with today's events.
update = noun: I will send you an update on my progress. |
worry rather
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worry, would rather best
written separately"I worry
he gets lost. I would rather he gets lost" – opposite
meanings! |
|
Essential vowels |
Where the second and
subsequent outlines within a phrase are written out of position, it
is sometimes necessary to insert a vowel sign in one of the pair,
for distinction. The less common one(s) get the vowel
inserted, so that the commonest one has the fastest phrase. However
insertion of vowel signs in any of the variations is always helpful: |
last least most |
at last, at least,
at most,
by far the least, by
far the most |
else, less |
anything else, anything less, nothing else, nothing less
something else, something less |
indeed needed |
it is indeed, it is needed
Prudent to insert vowels in
both of these |
seems most |
Breaking the phrase so that "most" is written above the line
ensures there can be no clash and is quicker than inserting
its vowel:
it seems important, it is
most important, it seems to me
it seems
likely, it is
most likely,
it seems* strange, it is most* strange
*One Circle S is doing duty
for both S's, as it is not practical to write a Ses Circle
here. |
man men |
old man, old men, young man, young men
old woman, old women |
give go |
The vowel is written on "go" – as that short form
has no consonants omitted, you are in effect converting
it back to a normal outline.
I give, I go, to give, to
go, you may give, you may go
Short forms that do not contain all the consonants of the word are not helped by
the insertion of vowel signs when they are in phrases, as that only makes them more confusing
– they no longer look like short forms, but nor are they full outlines – reducing legibility. |
me him whom |
of me, of him, of whom,
to me,
to him, to whom
The Tick Hay of "whom" does not join to the Fr, so
it is omitted and the vowel inserted. You could put a Dot
Hay in as well, but the outline is clear enough without it:
from me, from him, from whom |
myself himself |
of myself, of himself, to myself, to himself, for myself,
for himself |
mine, my own |
mine, my own, his own, own*
*Short form |
in any no |
Always vocalise the "no":
by any means, by no means, at any time, at no time
in any way, in no way
for anyone, for no-one, I have any doubt, I have no doubt
there is any doubt, there is no doubt,
it is in doubt, it is no doubt, it is undoubtedly |
say see |
you will say/you also, you will see
See also
Phrasing 2/say that |
those this these |
When they are out of position, always vocalise the two
plurals "those" and "these". "This" is the most common, so it
can be left unvocalised:
for those, for this, for these,
take those, take this, take these
If you can get them in position, then no vowel sign is
needed:
of those, of this, of these, with those, with this, with
these, in those days, in
these days |
manner honour |
with the same manner, with the same
honour, he has the manner, he has the honour
See also
Phrasing 4/manner |
know reason |
it stands to reason, it is
satisfactory to know
The two might be misread only
if badly written. |
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5. Joined Vowels
(a) Diphthong for "I"
Where the second half of this sign would not make a
good join, only the first half is written. This is done at the
beginning of a phrase, or after "and". It will not clash with
the outline for "of" as they are different parts of speech:
I prepare, I place, I brought, I believe, I trust, I tell, I draw, I
consider* *Omits
con dot
I can, I care, I call, I
give, I go, I agree, I glance
I am, I like, I write, I refer,
I will, I weigh, I would
I whistle, I yield, I sing, I seem, and I bring, and I believe, and
I am
In full, where there is
no advantage in shortening the sign:
I
pay, I speak, I buy, I submit, I take, I do, I choose, I just
I
face, I have, I think, I say, I was, I shall, I wish, I usually
I know, I understand, I arrange, I earned, I remain
Can't join:
I weld, I wheel, I halve, I hack, I
help, I hem
Keep the I diphthong sharp, and initial hooks well rounded:
I pay, I pray, I pumped, I permit, I bought, I brought, I tacked/attacked, I
tracked/ attract
"Eye" is mostly written
in full:
I
brought but
eyebright, I browse
but eyebrows, I mark
but eyemark
I
wash but
eye-wash, I witness but
eye-witness
Half sign is used for eyelash
eyelid
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(b) Diphthong for "you"
When written in the
middle or end of a phrase, "you" may be tilted or turned on its
side, as convenient, but this should only be done if there is an
advantage to be gained.
Always right way up at
the beginning of a phrase:
you would, you can,
you give, you may, you will, you let
you like, you should, you are, you
refer, you were
Right way up wherever
possible:
pay you, be you,
set you, tell you, do you, have you,
over you
for you, if you, thank you, though you, may you, hear you,
were you, from you
beyond you, on you, but you, will you, while you
if you can, as/has you, as you can, as far
as you can*,
as far as you know
*If there is nothing joined to the "as you" at the end,
then write separately, otherwise it would look like S+small shun hook.
Tilted:
which you, which you can, reach you,
acknowledge you, saw you, see you, was you
Tilted the other way precludes the possibility of joining any
further outlines, and, although theoretically correct, it might be better in
most cases to write the "you" as the first word of the next phrase, i.e. the
right way up:
are you, whether you, where you, and you, should you
whether you will be, where you are not, and you may, should you have been
On its side:
can you, can you have, could you,
give you, take you, contact you
compare acute
prosecute where the attached U sign
is an integral part of the single-word outline and so pronounced before the T sound.
we wish you, I wish you, I can assure you, I am sure you, measure
you
taking you, know you, beyond you, with you, when you, what you,
would you, you would
will you, how will you, will you kindly but
will you have, let you have
to enable the Vee to join.
When "you" it is on its
side, take care not to confuse it with the short forms "with when what would".
The similar signs for
"with when what would beyond" are never
turned or tilted.
"You" takes F/V hook to
indicate "have", but
only when it is the right way up:
you have, you have been, you have not, if you have, if you have
been, which you have
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(c)
Diphthong Ow
"now" should always keep its joined diphthong, to prevent it looking like
"not" or "un-", therefore it can only come at
the end of a phrase:
it is
not time, it is in time, it is now time, has not been, has now been
we have not received, we have now
received
we are
unable to, we are now able to, we are not able to
Inserting the vowel for "not" and "un-" may be helpful, as shown
above.
(d) Joined vowel
omitted
few more, few words, for a few days, new year*,
in due course**
*Keep the Yay+Ray stroke long, as this is similar
to the contracted phrase for "New York" (N+Yay)
** Keep the D clearly through the line, as it is
similar to "in degrees", on the line, which could easily make sense in the same
sentence as "in due course"
I
am also, you must also,
we have also, it is also, it will also
be
Compare the full forms:
few new due also The dash sign that
is the
short form "all" or "al-" is not omitted in the way that vowel signs
are:
in all places, for all we know, one and all, he is almost, and although
altogether, all together, always, almost always, all ways
-
Altogether = completely, totally, thoroughly = They were
altogether soaked. She is altogether lovely.
-
All
together = all in one place, in unison = They were all together
in one room. They sang all together.
-
Always = every time, repeatedly, continuously = They are always
late. The heating is always on.
-
All
ways = all paths, roads, routes, methods = All ways lead home.
All ways have been considered.
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6. Forms
exclusive to phrasing
Tick The and the
short sign for "he" are used only in the middle or end of phrases.
the,
he, if the, if he
Tick The is the size of a thin dash, short "he" sign is the size
of a thick dash.
(a) Tick The
"Tick the" slightly
falls outside the rules for phrase forming, as "the" belongs with the next word.
The tick cannot start a phrase, it is only used in the middle or end of a
phrase. It is written
downwards wherever possible, but upwards if a sharper angle is
obtained. Therefore, after plain Pee and Bee it is always down, even
though the angles either way are identical:
of the,
to the, and the, should the
"on" and "but" are given a slight forward slope when tick the is
added so that they do not clash with "I/eye" or "why":
on,
on the, but, but the
compare I/eye, why
The sloped "and the" and "on the" are
identical in form to the two diphone vowel signs, see
Theory 2 Vowels/Diphones.
with the, when the, what the, would the,
you the/should, beyond the
how the, and I, and I am, and of the
pay
the, be the, set the, do the, which the, arrange the, seek the, give
the
for the, have the, think the, though the, say the, was the, shall
the, usually the, heal the, were the
may the, meet the, improve the,
in the, note the, need the, seen the, sing the
are the, support the, weigh the, wet the, hoe the, lay the, will the, while the
pen
the, pave the, been the, above the, contain the, contrive the, done
the, drive the
crave the, clean the,
gain the, gave the, chain the,
achieve the*, join the, knowledge of the*
*The tick here has a slightly shallower slope to produce a clearer angle
run the, serve the, win the, weave the, hunt the, halve the
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After Circle S:
pays
the, bruise the, sets the, does the, choose/chews the, enjoys the, cause/because
the, gives the
face
the, saves the, thinks the, soothes the, says the, eases the, shows the
aims the, meets the, improves the, knows the, notes the, needs the,
sings the
hears the, sells the, wills the, wheels the, raise the, weighs the,
he is the
Lone circle with tick As the circles are all written clockwise, it is clear
which word is read first:
*is the, as the, as is the, is as the where the circle
is written first. This becomes clearer in a longer phrase:
is the cause, as the cause, as is the case
*Only one of each variation shown, for simplicity
Compare with
should his,
and is/his/as/has where the straight mark is
written first.
Compare also:
is to --- is to the --- as of/as
to/has to*
--- as of the/as to the/has to the --- who is/has --- who is/has the
*One of the few instances where "to" ends a phrase.
After hooks:
phone the, find the, convene the, invent the, thin the, lengthened
the, then the
known
the, mean the*, demand the*, earn the, from the, cover the, loan the
*A downward tick would make a sharper angle, but here it is
preferable to keep the writing moving forward.
petition the, condition the, station the, action the, caution the
ration the, apportion the*,
motion the, mention the, fashion the
*A slightly shallower slope gives the upward tick
a clearer angle
Medially:
at the end, at the same, at the time*,
for the moment*, for the
present, with the person
*See also Phrasing
5/for a moment & at a time
over the years, of the case, in the case of the, of the country, take the matter
discuss the matter, out of the way, through the world, throughout the world
in the east, in the sea, during the course of the, during the next month
within the next, we have the most, in the same way, in much the same way
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Where the tick
cannot be joined, use the dot:
– After Loops and Ses
Circle:
pays the
but poses
the, post the, posting the, posts the, plaster the, suggest the
miss the but
misses the, missed/mist the, mists the, master the, masters the
But
this is the/this has the/themselves the is acceptable due to its frequency.
–
After NS or NSES
circle:
pens the, prints the, trains the, taints the, dance the, dents the, chants the,
chains the
cleans the, gains the, grinds the, counts the, rinse the, rents/rends the, surrounds
the
wins the, wants the, hunts the, dances the, chances the, rinses the, enhances
the
– After Circle inside a
hook:
paves the, contrives the, drives the, chafes the, craves the, gifts the, serves
the, halves the
finds the, thins the, shuns the, earns the, loans the, means the, mentions the,
positions the
– After these hooked strokes, where the angle of the tick could not
be maintained and to avoid too much backward movement:
assign the, assigned the, zone the, zoned the, shown the, shined the
– After a lone
halved straight stroke:
pat
the, bid the, taught the, did the, cut the, guide the, etched the,
edged the
Compare the following which have another stroke or attachment:
output the, dubbed the, mastered
the, needed the, tugged the, tacked the, fetched the, stitched the
applied
the, brewed the, treat the, dread the, create the, guard the
achieved the, joined the, wet the, hit the, yet the
Downward
Tick The and Tick Hay in the middle of a phrase are identical. Inserting a vowel
sign might be helpful, depending on context:
with whom, with the aim, for the men, for human
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(b)
He
Alone or at the
beginning of a phrase, use downward Hay:
he
is/has, he is/has not, he will be, he should be, he has been
he was, he does not, he can, he cannot, he goes
he came, he makes, he may be, he sometimes
In the middle or end of
a phrase, use the short sign wherever it joins well.
This is a vertical thick dash, the same as the vowel sign. As it is always joined, it
has no position of its own:
for he,
if he will, if he can, when he is/has, when he can, when he
will be
I think that he is/has, is he able, as he may, as he would not, because he
would, because he was not
If the next outline
does not join well, or cannot join, don't phrase it:
if he
did, when he knows, that he found, but he, should he, and he
In pre-New Era shorthand, i.e. Centenary and earlier, the short
dash sign for "he" was the only outline for that word, and sat on the line, and
you may come across this if you are reading old shorthand.
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