An affix is a grammatical addition, attached to one
end of a word, in order to expand or change its meaning:
-
At
the beginning it is called a prefix
-
At
the end it is called a suffix
-
The
outlines take their position from the first vowel in the prefix, with the exception of those using con
dot, which take their position from the next vowel. Prefixed
short forms and contractions mostly retain their original position.
PREFIXES |
SUMMARY |
1. con- com- cum- cog- |
-
Dot at
head of stroke, or proximity
-
Some words
in full
-
Outline
placed according to the vowel after the initial con-
com-
-
Initial
cum- cog- in full, and outline placed as normal,
according to the first vowel sound.
|
2. accom- |
|
3. magna- magne- magni- |
|
4. in- un- |
|
5. imm- inn- unn- -ill- irr- |
|
6. inter- intro- |
-
Doubled N
-
inter- may be vocalised, intro- never vocalised
-
Intro is occasionally written N + TR, with vocalisation as normal
|
7. self- self-con- |
|
8. trans- |
-
Full
strokes
-
Sometimes
N omitted
|
9. anti- ante- |
-
Halved N
-
N + T
if clearer
|
10. super- supra- |
|
11. dis- |
|
12. mis- |
|
13.
for- fore- |
-
For- uses
hooked FR, reversed if necessary, and first place thin
dash vowel
-
Fore- uses
F and Ar, occasionally FR, and second place thick dash
vowel
|
14. non- |
-
N + N hook
where it can join, otherwise N + N.
-
N + N hook
is sometimes
disjoined with short forms and contractions
|
1. CON- COM- CUM- COG-
(a) Dot Initial con/com is represented by a
dot written at the head of the stroke:
-
Place it exactly at the head of the stroke, and not slightly to
one side or the other where it might be mistaken for a first
place vowel sign.
-
The
vowel that comes after the con is the one that decides the
position of the stroke. As there are so many con/com words, this
is an extra aid to recognition.
-
The
dot represents the whole of the syllable – do not write an extra
stroke M or N just because the longhand has two of that
letter.
-
The
con dot is not omitted in the way that vowel dots are omitted at
will.
compose comparison comparative compatible competition compress
complain complicated comprehend compute computed computer
conspire combat combine combination committee contest contrive
container commuter control contract contribute continue contemporary
conceit Constance constant construe constrain construction
constriction
constitute constituted constitution condemn condition conditional conduit
condense
concede consider commodity commodore congeal conjoin conjugation
conjecture connect connection concave concussion concoction
commix concur concrete concord conclude conclusion consecutive
conscript congress Congreve congratulate congregate
conglomeration confuse confide confirm conflict
convey connive convention convenient
conscious conscientious concession consist consistent comestible
commemorate commemorative commeasurable consume consumer
common commonsense common-law commoner commune communism
consign consent consensus consonant commend command commander
commence comment commentary concentrate concentration console
conceal
conciliation constellation concern conurbation conserve conservative
conservation
concert consortium consternation consequence consequently conquest
convert converted converse conversation*
confront to distinguish from
affront
*Although there is no vowel before,
these 4 use the left (anticlockwise) version of the hooked stroke
VR to allow easier derivatives, but "confront" and "affront" follow
the normal rule.
A longhand com or con may be pronounced "cum" or
"cun", but this cannot be indicated in the outline:
comfort comfortable compass company constable
but
compassion companion constabulary
are pronounced with short O
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(b) Proximity (=nearness, juxtaposition)
Medial con/com is shown by writing the strokes before and after it
close together, instead of using a dot. This is exactly the same as
disjoining, but for a different reason:
-
Proximity: writing the parts near to each other in order to
signify con/com/cum/cog. The second part of the outline is generally level with
or slightly tucked under the first part. With some stroke
combinations (chiefly after Pee Bee Tee Dee) it may be possible
to also indicate the vowel of the second part by writing that in
position as well, but not at the expense of keeping the two
close together.
-
Disjoining: writing the parts of an outline near to each other
because (a) they cannot be joined satisfactorily, or (b)
detaching a portion of the outline to signify another suffix,
e.g. "-mental" "-ality" "-lessness". Its name reflects the fact that the parts
would be joined if they could, or were joined to start with.
When
using proximity, the outlines take their position from the first vowel of the
word, as
normal.
In
the following, the initial prefix is the first up or downstroke, so that is
the one that takes its rightful position in regard to the line. The
second half of the outline can also be in position according to its
vowel, but only if a convenient outline results:
decompose decompression decontaminate discontinue discomfort
disconnect disconcerting
ill-concealed ill-conceived ill-considered malcontent
overconfident overcompensate preconceive preconception precondition
recompense
recommend
recommendation
reconcile reconnoitre recondite
recombine recondition
reconsider reconstruct recommit
reconnect
recommence
subconscious subcommittee
subcontract subcontinent
well-conducted well-constructed well-connected well-concealed
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In the following, the initial prefix is a horizontal stroke. The first up or downstroke comes
somewhere after the con-, so that is the stroke that is
written in position in regard to the line. The position of the whole
outline is still decided by the first vowel sound of the word, not the vowel that follows
that particular up or downstroke (see asterisked examples below):
incompetent incomplete incomparable
incompatible
incombustible
inconspicuous incontinent inconsistent
inconclusive
incongruous incongruously
incommunicable*
inconsequential*
inconceivable
encompass
*With these two, the first up or
downstroke is the very last one, but the outline is still placed
according to the first vowel.
excommunicate uncompromising
uncomplaining
uncompleted uncomplicated
uncommitted unconditionally unconnected unconscious uncommon
unconcerned
misconceive
misconstrue misconduct semi-conductor semi-conscious
semi-complete
non-committal non-compliance
non-combatant
non-conductor
non-content non-consent
non-conformist*
*Optional contraction
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These contractions omit the con:
contentment*
inconsiderate inconvenient/inconveniently/inconvenience
constitutional
constitutional/constitutionally**
*The N is also omitted
**Optional contraction
Proximity within a phrase can replace an initial con dot if the
outline can be written close to the one preceding. Unlike the
"medial con" words listed above, the con- word in such
phrases must retain its correct position in regard to the ruled
line. The words should form a natural phrase, otherwise legibility
will be reduced:
I am confident, they will consume, your complaint, sign the
contract
their control,
full container, unfair comparison, very comfortable
we shall consider, we shall commence, we shall continue
In some advanced phrases, the con can be omitted
altogether and the remainder of the outline joined, providing the
phrase is a common/obvious one:
we have concluded, satisfactory* conclusion, I am concerned, for your
consideration
*Contraction
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Proximity is useful in these words for the word
"come":
income tax, becoming welcoming incoming oncoming overcoming
home-coming
The originals use short forms:
come coming income become welcome overcome
locum-tenens but
locum locomotion locomotive*
*Optional contraction
Proximity is not appropriate after punctuation marks,
vowel-sign short forms (a, the, why, how, beyond, you, with, when,
what, would) or single downward dashes (of, all, to, too, on, owe/ought,
but) but is sufficiently clear after upward dashes (and, should,
upward tick the):
and contain, should continue, on the company, on
the condition
The idea is that the short forms are not mistaken for
vocalisation of the following outline. Sometimes the con- word
cannot be placed clearly in the combination and is better written
with the con dot:
Clear combination: should commend, and command,
on the committee, beyond the control
Needs dot:
should command, and commend, on the connection, beyond control,
would complete
When a vowel-sign short forms is part
of a phrase, then proximity can be used because the con- word is
being written near a stroke rather than just a floating dot or dash:
for the conditions, in the committee, for all consumers, if you
would consider
Compare:
The conditions ... The
committee ... All consumers would consider
If you decide to leave a larger-than-usual space
between outlines in order to signify your future punctuation in the
transcript, then clearly proximity is not possible. It would not
be appropriate anyway because it should only be used for words that
run on easily (as per normal phrasing rules) and not where there is a
natural gap or pause.
As shorthand speed is helped by having reasonably
compact notes rather than sprawling ones, it is important that only
the clearest proximity phrases are used. When in doubt, retain the
dot for the con- word rather than risk a hesitation or unclear
notes.
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(c) Cum and cog are only abbreviated
when medial:
circumference circumvent circumnavigate circumcise circumcision
circumspect circumscribe decumbent encumber
encumbrance incumbent
recognise recognition unrecognisable recumbence superincumbent
precognition incognito
These contractions omit the whole prefix:
circumstance circumstantial
Cum and cog at the beginning of a word are
always shown with full strokes, therefore it is irrelevant whether
they are grammatically a prefix or not:
cumbent cumber cumbersome Cumbrian
cummerbund cumquat cummin/cumin Cummings comings*
*Short form
cumulus cumulative cognize
cognate cognition cognitive cognomen
The following words may occasionally be encountered
with silent G. The shorthand dictionary (1974) prefers the silent G
versions, but in modern dictionaries they have the hard G sound:
Pronounced CON:
cognoscible cognizant incognizant
Suggested outlines for when pronounced COG - just add
in a stroke G:
cognoscible cognizant incognizant* *Avoiding
proximity, in order to keep the set of words alike
Whichever outline is used, the spelling in your transcript will be
the same. Alternatives are given here because the
shorthand dictionary does not reflect current
pronunciation.
These follow Italian/French pronunciation:
cognoscente cognac
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(d) "Concom-" Write the first syllable in full
and use proximity to represent the second one:
concomitant concomitance also co-conspirator
(e) Some con- and com- words are clearer written
in full, even though it is a grammatical prefix:
commissar commissary commissariat commiserate
commissioner subcommissioner commissionaire commove
commotion commission decommission non-commissioned
commorancy connascent connate connatural
connoisseur consul consular consulate
reconnaissance
connumeration
to distinguish from
numeration
commerce commercial/commercially*
*Contraction
connote connotation
to distinguish from
commutation
Top of page
(f) Where the con- or com- is not a prefix
write it in full:
comb coma comma Como comose
comely incomer*
newcomer comeback**
*Using short form "in" hence the N
is unvocalised **Using
short form "come"
comedown comedian comedy comic comical
comfrey comet comate/co-mate comity*
*=courtesy/civility, with accent on
first syllable, not to be confused with "committee"
comp*
Compton con conned conning-tower
*Popular abbreviation for various
words beginning thus
cone coney condor conic conical
conoid coniform conifer conine
conch/conk conchate Congo Congolese
conation conative conatus Connie
Connaught
Congleton conger/conker/conquer conqueror unconquerable
Connecticut Connor/Conner Connell Conrad Conway
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2. ACCOM-
Use Kay joined or disjoined:
-
The
prefix is deemed to include the O vowel after the M in
accommodate etc.
-
The
prefix is joined only for "accommodation" and "accomplish" as
those outlines are distinctive enough not to be mistaken for other words.
accommodate accommodative accommodator accommodated unaccommodating
accommodation
accompany unaccompanied accomplice accomplish unaccomplished
accumbent accumbency Not a
prefix:
accumulate acumen
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3. MAGNA- MAGNE- MAGNI-
A disjoined M represents these syllables, with a
short a/e/i vowel. Both vowels of the prefix are deemed to be
included in the M and are therefore not written:
magnify magnification magnifical magnificat magnificent
magnanimous magnanimity
magniloquence magnalium
Magna Carta magnitude
magnetite magnetise magnetiser
magnetisation magnetometer
magnetometric magneton magnetron
magnetic/magnetically/magnetism
(Contraction)
magnetics*
magnetisms*
*Suggested outlines for the plurals. As they are both nouns, adding
Circle S to the short form would be ambiguous.
magnet If the prefix were used, this
would involve a penlift, resulting in a slower outline for this
short word.
Top of page
"Magnetism" etc in compound words: the contraction
should not be joined, as that would not be clear. If the Em can be
joined to the stroke before it, then use it for the "magne-" prefix.
If it cannot be joined, then a disjoined contraction would be
sufficiently clear:
demagnetise unmagnetised remagnetised
diamagnetic diamagnetism
hydromagnetism*
antimagnetic*
aeromagnetism*
electromagnetic thermomagnetism*
geomagnetism*
*Suggested outlines, not in
dictionary. Writing in full as shown is preferable to using the contraction,
in order to avoid ambiguities about the endings, see asterisked note
on "magnetics" above.
ferromagnetism ferrimagnetism
nonmagnetic These cannot join the Em, therefore the
contraction is used.
If the magn- ends with any vowel other than the short
ones shown above, it is written using full strokes, and these are not prefixes anyway:
magnum magnate magnolia
magnesium magnesian
magnesia magnesic
An exception to the above rule is "magneto".
The length of the E varies between the derivatives and it makes
sense to keep the whole set the same as the other "magnet"
words
above:
magneto magneto-electric
magneto-electricity magnetopause magnetosphere magnetostatic
Note: static electric*
electricity* *Contractions
The prefixes magna- etc are derived from Latin magnus
= great. The "magnet" words are derived from
Magnesia, a region in Greece where magnetic rocks were first
discovered in ancient history.
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4. IN- UN-
(a) Stroke N according to normal rules:
inspire inseparable inbuilt intake intractable
insist
indecent injustice ingress infuse infringe
invent inverse invalid inimitable insure inquire
inestimable inexpensive*
inequality**
unopposed untie unattached
*Using contraction **Using
short form "equal" therefore that part is on the line
untrue undo*
undecided unclean unguarded unhook
*Does not use short form "do"
unhygienic unholy unhealthy unloved
unethical unlocked unlikely unoccupied unrealistic*
unearned
*Note the I dot goes at the end of the stee loop and not squeezed in below
where the Kay starts.
unsuccessful unfaithful uninspiring
unimportant unimproved*
*Short form is not used for this
word, as it would be too similar to "unimportant"
influenced uninfluenced*
uninfluential
(Contraction)
*This is shown incorrectly in the
1974 dictionary written on the line, but correct, as here, in the
1950's dictionary.
These use halving:
intend intent intention intense integral integrate
intellect intoxicate intangible integument
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(b) Use small
initial hook before the
strokes STR SKR and upward Hay, where the in- is not a
negative:
instruct instructor instruction*
instrument inscribe/inscribed*
inscription*
inscriber inscroll
*Contractions
inhale inhaler inhalant inherent inherit inheritance inheritor
inhabit inhabitant inhibit inhibition
If it is a negative, the small hook is not
distinctive enough when written at speed, considering the word has
the opposite meaning, so full stroke N is used to keep it very clear
which is meant:
inscrutable
inhospitable
The small hook is not used for any of the following:
(a) Not before downward Hay:
inhume inhuman inhumane inhumanity
(b) Not for un- en-:
unscrew unscrewed unscrupulous unscripted*
unscriptural**
unscramble unscratched unscrutinized
**This also has an optional
contraction
unstrung sunstroke sunscreen*
unscreened*
on-screen*
enscroll*
enhance enhearten
*All these are suggested outlines, not in dictionary
(c) Not used medially for unin- or
disin-:
uninhabited uninhabitable uninhibited
uninstructed uninherited*
disinherited*
*Suggested outlines, not in
dictionary
(d) Not used with ST or SK:
install instil instant inscape insculp
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5. IMM- INN- UNN- ILL- IRR-
Most such words come in pairs with related or
opposite meanings, and the initial vowel is the only
difference between their shapes, although they may occupy different
positions in relation to the line. As the outlines need to remain unvocalised
for speed purposes and their position may not always be clearly
written, repeating or changing the stroke is the most
reliable way to ensure the difference is always obvious. This is not done to reflect the
longhand spelling or to suggest that the consonant is sounded twice,
but merely to produce a distinctive pair:
(a) imm- inn- unn- Repeat the stroke:
immaterial immature immaturity immeasurable
immedicable
immitigable immethodical
immaculate* *Pair: "maculate" = to
spot
immemorable immemorial
immensurable
immingle immiscible
immigrate
compare emigrate
immodest immobile immerge
compare emerge
immoderate immortal immoral immorality
immutable immix immission
innumerable innavigable innocuous to
distinguish from
noxious
which is very similar
innutritious innominate innervate compare
enervate
unnecessary unneeded unnoticed unnatural
unknown unknowing unnegotiable unnerving
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(b) ill- Change to downward Ell:
limited illimited limitable illimitable
If that is not possible, repeat the stroke:
illegal illegible illegitimate illicit
illiterate illogical illiberal
See Theory
14 L Forms/Negatives for fuller explanation and many more
examples.
Not paired: words that are not part of a pair do not
need the stroke repeated or changed:
immense immensely immerse immersion
immune immunity imminent immolate immure
inn inner innards innocent innovate innuendo
illusion illusory illustration illustrious
ill illness ill-favoured ill-judged ill-informed* ill-mannered
*Using contraction
Exceptions: although not paired, repeating the stroke
is clearer for these:
immediate*
immediately*
immediacy innate
uninnate
*Contractions
unnumbered
Only one stroke N, as the "num-" part is represented by the short form.
Top of page
(c) irr- Change Ray to Ar, as you would
normally do when a vowel precedes the R sound:
relevant irrelevant
If that is not possible or convenient, add an Ar
before the Ray. Note that the first vowel is written before the Ar,
and the following vowel is written after the Ray:
radiate irradiate
If the outline already uses Ar, then add another Ar
to the beginning. Again, the vowel signs sit outside the two Ar
strokes:
remediable irremediable
The following outlines look similar, using both Ar
and Ray:
air-raid air-rifle arrowroot orrery
arrearage (arrears)
See R
Forms page/Prefix Irr for fuller explanation and many more
examples.
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6. INTER- INTRO-
(a) Inter always uses doubled Em and can be
vocalised, as per normal doubling rules:
interpret interplay interfere interferometer
interpolate interview intervene interval
interchangeable interweave
intertwine
compare intwine
entwine
intercept intersect intercede intercessor
interlace
interlock interlink interlingual
interlining interlunar interlinear Note:
lunar linear
international interzonal interbreed intersperse
intercity interact interdependence interrelationship
These do not repeat the R in the next syllable:
interregnum interrogate interrupt
Disjoin a following M (lack of angle between strokes
of different lengths) or upward L (to avoid an awkward join):
intermittent intermarry intermix
intermediate intermediary intermingle
intermural intermezzo
interleave interloper interlude
intercommunicate intercom Note:
interim has separate strokes, as the central vowel is somewhat slurred, and the
alternative would be disjoining.
Note: interior inter*
internal intern internee interminable interest**
* = bury, accent on 2nd syllable
**Contraction
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(b) Intro uses either doubling or full strokes,
whichever is convenient to join:
-
Doubled N with no dot I vocalisation. This is an exceptional
use of doubling because there is no vowel between the T and R.
It therefore counts as a special unvocalised prefix, like magna-.
-
Stroke N + TR with both vowels, where necessary to obtain a good
join.
introvert introversion introit introrse
introspection introduce
introductory introduction*
*Contraction
Note these pairs:
intermit intromit intermission intromission
intercession introcession
interject interjection
introject introjection
Using doubling for both inter and intro relies on the
fact that, apart from the two pairs above, they are mutually
exclusive, thus avoiding clashes. As new words arise with these
prefixes, consistently using N + TR for "intro-" would be the most
reliable way of ensuring that clashes never occur – this is not
quite so fast as a doubled stroke, but reliability is more
important.
Intra always uses N + TR:
intramural intravenous intramuscular
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7. SELF- SELF-CON-
(a) Self used as a prefix is shown by a circle
in 2nd place against the stroke:
-
Write the circle first, then the strokes of the outline, so that
you are writing in the same order as the syllables are spoken,
and to avoid any backward movement of the pen.
-
With normal words, the
outline is written in 2nd position, to accord with the vowel in
"self", but short forms and contractions retain their
original position.
-
The
self circle is never omitted.
-
Not
used medially or finally for the word "self".
self-defence self-evident self-reliant self-esteem self-imposed
self-seeker
self-service self-determination self-explanatory self-help self-same
Do not be tempted write the outline in 1st or 3rd position
just because of the
vowel in the main part of the outline:
self-righteous self-accusation self-satisfied self-sacrifice
self-taught self-propelled
self-pity self-discipline self-willed self-hood self-invited
Keep a short form or contraction in
its rightful position. Most contractions are in 2nd position anyway:
self-important/importance
self-neglect self-improvement self-build self-schooled
self-instruction self-satisfaction self-subjection self-respect
self-valuation
self-sufficient
self-interest self-governing self-advertisement
In a fully vocalised outline, if the 2nd place on the
stroke is occupied by a vowel sign, then place the circle just
outside the vowel sign. Most of the time you will not be vocalising
outlines and can place the circle right next to the stroke:
self-opinionated self-employed self-sown
If you have already completed the outline, and then
decide you need to go back and insert the 2nd place vowel, placing it
outside the self circle will still be readable, even though it is
not the perfect textbook version.
Top of page
(b) Self-con Write circle at the head of
the stroke, to replace the con dot. The outline remains in 2nd
position, as "self" still provides the first vowel of the word:
self-control self-contained self-condemnation self-confident
self-conscious self-congratulation self-complacent
(c) When the "self" is not a prefix, or is alone
or in the middle or end of a
continuous outline, it should be written in full; some are short forms:
self selves hers herself one's/once oneself* *Contraction,
as it omits the N
selfish/selfishness*
unselfish/unselfishness* unselfconscious
selfless do-it-yourselfer
*Contractions
non-self non-self-governing non-self-regarding
– hyphenated outlines allow the second part to also be written in
its own position, and to use the self-circle.
our ours ourself ourselves, your yours yourself yourselves
myself thyself itself himself themselves hisself*
theirself*
theirselves*
*Met with in vernacular or lax speech
only but
grammatically incorrect in academic terms – a desire to make them match the possessive
in my/her/yourself etc, coupled with easier pronunciation. See
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hisself for a discussion of
this usage. Correction of the speaker's word-formation may not
be appropriate in some circumstances.
The Circle S at the end of some of the short forms above is only expressing the S sound, and is not being
used as a joined "self circle".
An outline using the self circle prefix should not be
phrased with the word before it. Going back to insert a circle would
cause more delay and interruption to smooth flow of writing than is
gained by phrasing.
The circle is not used to represent the lone word
"self" in phrases.
The self circle cannot clash with the circle which
represents an intervening dot
vowel, as those before the stroke are all in first position and the
few that are in second position come after the stroke (see also
Theory 2 Vowels/Intervening Vowels (B)):
self-praise person perspex parallel paragraph palpable
If you need to emphasise just the word "self" then
write it in full so that you can put a wavy line under it:
He said self service, not
health service!
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8. TRANS-
(a) Written in full:
transaction transatlantic
transatlantic* transcend transceiver transducer
*Optional contraction
transferee transfuse transfix transfiguration transistor
transit transient translucent transition
transform transform/transformed*
*Optional contraction
(b) The N is omitted before certain strokes to achieve briefer outlines.
As the N is lightly sounded, it can be omitted and the outlines remain readable:
Before P and M:
transpose transpire transport transparent transplant transpacific
transmit transmitter transmission transmute transmogrify
transoceanic
transhume transmigration
also
transnational
but transept
transom
To allow hooks:
transfer transference transgress
but transverse
to distinguish from "transfers"
Stroke N and R hook both omitted in these:
transcribe transcript transcription
Before Ell:
translate translation translator retranslate transliterate
transalpine
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9. ANTI- ANTE-
These are pronounced the same.
-
anti = against, opposite
-
ante = before
(a) Generally halved N:
antibiotic antibody anti-aircraft Antichrist anticlimax
anti-clockwise antedate antidote antigen antitoxin antipathy
antenatal antipodes antechamber
anteroom antediluvian
Use full strokes to enable joins, or to obtain
clearer outlines:
ante meridiem*
antemeridian antimundane
*Latin = before midday = a.m.; post
meridiem = after midday = p.m.
antecedent antecessor anticipate anticyclone antihistamine
antisocial antirrhinum antithesis anti-semitic antimacassar
Not prefixes:
antique antiquated antelope antenna
anteater antimony
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10. SUPER- SUPRA-
The older pronunciation is the diphthong "syoo",
but the plain vowel "soo" seems to be more prevalent. I am keeping to the latter
in these pages as being the more up-to-date and quicker to write,
although you are unlikely to need to insert that vowel sign:
super super
superabundance superannuate superannuation supernatural
supernumerary
supercharger supercilious superficial superfluous superman
superhuman
superimpose superlative supermarket supernova supersede
supersonic superstition superstitious superstructure supervene
supervise supervisor super-cooled super-tanker super-duper
Supra Always insert the second vowel:
supranational supralunar supramundane supra-orbital
Note these not prefixes:
superb superior supernal
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11. DIS-
Stroke
as normal:
disappear dispute display disprove disapprove distant district
disjoin discover discovery discoverer discount disclose disguise
disqualify disfigure dismay disintegrate dishonour disallow dislike
discourse disagree disgrace disgruntled discriminate
discreet/discrete*
*discreet = prudent, cautious; discrete = separate
Contractions:
disinterested disrespect disorganise/disorganised disorganisation
displeasure disproportion
With "diss-", as only one S is pronounced, only one S
needs to be shown in the outline.
dissatisfied dissection disseminate dissent dissident dissolve
dissipate dissuade dissever dissemble dissociate
dissociation
disassociate**
*A less common version of
dissociate
The following 3 outlines (and their derivatives) use
the Ses circle for the two S's purely to provide distinguishing
outlines:
disseize disserve disservice
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12. MIS-
Stroke as normal, but disjoined if necessary:
misprint mistrust mistreat misdeed mistake*
misquote
*omits the T
miscreant
misuse mis-shapen misread*
mislead mishear
*past tense, rhyming with "reed"
misplace miscalculate misfit misfire
Disjoining also signifies a medial "con", but no clashes occur.
If a clash arose, a non-theory suggestion would be to either insert the
con dot, or make the "mis-" disjoin by using the shorthand hyphen sign, so that
any suggestion of "con"
is excluded.)
misconceive misconception miscompute
misconduct misconjecture misconstrue
Contractions:
misinform/misinformed misinformation
misfortune
For "miss-" (i.e. prefix mis + s) the Circle Ses is used to improve
readability, and does not suggest that the two S's are pronounced
separately. In such words the S sound is immediately followed by a
consonant, and without the double S (both longhand and shorthand),
one would tend to read the second part as beginning with that
consonant e.g. mis+pend instead of mis+spend. This is the same
reason why the longhand hyphen is there, to make it easier to read:
mis-spell
mis-spend/mis-spent mis-state mis-stated mis-statement
mis-cite
The above does not apply to other miss- words that
are not prefixes, such as "missing, mission."
Note that diss- words do not need to use the large
circle as above, because the prefix is always followed by a vowel.
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13. FOR- FORE-
-
For- means away, off, out, extremely, wrongly, and gives a
negative or prohibitive meaning.
-
Fore- means before, in front of, preceding, and refers to
position in place, time or rank.
-
The
outlines use different vowels for these two prefixes, with the
advantage of providing additional distinction for these sets of
outlines. Modern dictionaries seem not to differentiate the
pronunciations of these 2 prefixes.
-
Knowing the meanings of the prefixes is a great help in getting
the spellings correct, although some of the words below may be
encountered with variant spellings e.g. forfend is sometimes met
with as "forefend". If you know what the words mean, keeping to
the correct prefix for each meaning should keep your spelling of
them on track and avoid the confusing variants that sometimes
find their way into print.
(a) For- always uses a hooked FR, which may be
reversed to make a good join. The vowel is a first place light
dash:
forbid forbear forfend forsake forsooth
forward*
forswear forspent forgive forget
*Unlike the others, this one does mean "fore/in front"
These two have full strokes, to attain more flowing
outlines:
forlorn*
forfeit**
*More flowing outline than if the hooked FR were used
**Possibly avoiding similarity to forfend
(b) Fore- mostly uses full strokes Eff plus
Ar or Ray; occasionally the hooked stroke FR to gain a good join.
Never uses the reversed FR. The vowel is a 2nd place heavy
dash:
fore foremost foreman forewoman
foreleg foreordain forefront forecourt foreground
foreshore forecast forearm pinafore
aforementioned
aforesaid forehand*
aforehand*
aforetime aforethought
*These use Ar and Ray to distinguish
forebear forebode forefather forefinger
foreknow foreknown forename foreshadow
foreclose foredate Note also:
forehead pronounced "forrid"
Hooked FR for good join:
forestall foretell foresheet foreshorten
forewind forewarn forewarned
before beforehand*
*Optional alternative
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Some for/fore pairs:
forgo
(=do without/give up)
forego
(= precede/go before)
foregone conclusion, forwent forewent
forjudge forejudge
"forjudge" = deprive by a
judgement, expel from court, a legal term; "forejudge" = prejudge,
judge beforehand. If you need to differentiate, then it is
worthwhile learning both outlines. The version "forejudge" is
probably the one most likely to be met in normal non-legal speech.
forgather foregather
– both mean "come together, assemble."
The shorthand dictionary provides outlines for both versions, but the first version is the one that matches the derivation
and meaning.
Most of the "for-" words have the accent on the
second syllable, so the hooked form is more appropriate. With
"fore-" most are accented on the first syllable, making full strokes
more appropriate. This helps to show where the accent lies, and so improves
legibility, as well as providing additional distinction between the
above pairs.
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14. NON-
Written as per normal theory – N + N Hook when it
can be joined (but occasionally disjoined), otherwise strokes N
+ N:
non-acceptance non-cumulative
non-existence non-existent
non-residence non-resident
non-resistance non-linear
non-appearance* non-payment nonplussed
non-feasance
*Note how the first vowel of
"appearance" is written to the N stroke, similarly with other
outlines below
non-specific non-stop non-starter
non-binding
non-attendance nondescript
non-addictive non-effective
nonchalance non-essential non-sequitur
nonsense nonentity non-intervention
non-smoker non-working non-alcoholic
non-observance*
non-obedience
*Disjoined, rather than N + N as in
"non-obedience", possibly to avoid an overlong
outline.
Short forms or contractions remain in their correct
position:
non-performance non-delivery
non-production non-productive
efficient/efficientlyefficiency non-efficient/ly/cy*
inefficient/ly/cy
*An exception, as it does not remain on the line;
it is not clear why this is so, as a prefix should not affect the
position of a contraction. Best vocalised to avoid any possible
clash with the phrases "in inefficient" or "in any efficient".
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