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Stroke Ish only has one form, but can be written in
two directions:
-
The default is
downwards, but is written upwards for convenient joining or to
maintain balance, similar motion or lineality (=keeping to the
line)
-
Can take Hooks
-
With R Hook = "Sher"
is always written downwards
-
With L Hook = "Shel"
is always written upwards
-
In some instances
Ish + N Hook is used instead of Shun Hook
-
Denotes the suffix
"-ship" in derivatives
-
Used for short
forms: shall/shalt wish wished sure short (Short
Forms List 4)
-
The thick stroke "Zhee"
is always written downwards, with no exceptional uses, so is not
part of this page
Initially
Medially
Finally
Hook between
Hooked Ish
Halving
Balancing, Angles &
Similar Motion
Lineality
Derivatives
Suffix -ship
Words of non-English origin
Initially
1. Alone = always
down
ash shy Shaw show showy showiest shyest she shoe/shoo
shine Sean/Shaun Shane shun shown shin ocean ashen Asian
sash sachet/sashay Sasha/Sacha swash swish shyster Schuster
shot shut sheet shoot shout
satiate satiation sashed shunt/shunned shined shinned
shatter shutter/shudder shooter shouter shunter
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2. Down before most
strokes
Pee Bee:
shop shape Sheppey ship sheep
shabby Sheba Ashby Ashbourne
Tee Dee:
Ashton Shetland shouted
shiatsu shittim-wood
shade shed shadow shoddy shied shoed/shooed
Chay Jay:
short-change shortage shoji
Kay Gay:
shock shack shake Shakespeare shook Chicago
shaggy
Ith Thee:
sheath sheathe sheathed
Ess (Zee) Ish (Zhee):
chassis shush shortish shrewish Shushan
shish-kebab
Em Imp:
sham shame ashamed shimmy shamrock shemozzle
showman shaman shambles shampoo
En Ing:
shiny shyness ashiness Shannon
shunted shandy shantung Oceania
sheeting shouting Shanghai shank Shanklin shingle
Ar Rer Ard:
shire shore share shareholder sharer shared
shirt shear/sheer
assure Shirley Charlotte shower
(one who shows)
shower (water)
Ray:
sherry/Cherie ashery shorn Sharon
sheriff cheroot usherette
assurance Sheerness Sheraton Sheridan Sherwood
Hay:
Sheehy Scheherezade
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3. Up before these
strokes to make a good join:
Eff Vee:
sheaf Sheffield shaft shift shifter shifty
sheaves shove shoved shave shaven Siobhan/Siobhain
Ell:
shallow shawl shell
Shelley shale shoal Sheila
social socialise Seychelles shieling/shealing*
shilly-shally
*Derivative of shiel, therefore
stroke Ell, compare with shilling below
which uses the L Hook
shield shelled shoaled sheltie/shelty shelter shoulder
The first two words below are compound words, so would take
upward Ish because of the preceding stroke, but they show that Way
joins best to upward Ish if a new word forced a choice. Using W
semicircle is the best option for single words:
Way (Yay):
brushwood dishwasher
shwanpan schwa*
Schwarz**
*=the
name of the unaccented vowel sound e.g. sofa, metal;
suggested outline, not in dictionary
**=anglicised "shworts", not in dictionary, suggested outline based
on "shirts"; see
below for "shv" version
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Medially
The direction of Ish is
chosen to fit in with the stroke before the Ish. If the stroke after
the Ish doesn't join well, there is always the option of disjoining:
insure censure machinist misshapen
bashful marchioness cashmere/Kashmir
Compounds:
fisherman bushman store-ship
wash-house
sunshine moonshine marshmallow fish-market
See also
Derivatives below, where the addition of
grammatical endings makes the Ish medial.
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Finally
1. Downwards after
most strokes:
Pee Bee:
push pettish potash capacious captious apish
waspish
bush bash abash rubbish snobbish sebaceous
Tee (but not Dee):
tish toyish
attaché
latish sluttish Saltash sottish sweetish
cultish coquettish moustache crustacea cetaceous/setaceous*
Note also: crustacean/crustation**
cetacean
*cetaceous = relating to
whales/dolphins; setaceous = bristly
**crustacean=shellfish; crustation=the
formation of crust
Although plain Tee always takes downward Ish, stroke
Dee (plain or with attachments) always take upward Ish. The reason
for this is not explained, but I am assuming it is to provide an
extra differentiation between the two strokes.
Chay Jay:
Chesham
(2 pronuniations)
childish Joshua Jewish
Kay Gay:
cash crash clash brackish rakish
Turkish thickish
ticklish cliquish precocious lickerish*/liquorice/licorice**
*greedy/lecherous **=sweet confection – different derivations but
both can have variant spelling "liquorish"
efficacious factious fractious vexatious cattish skittish Scottish
Scotia gash gracious sagacious sluggish roguish
negotiate negotiation ingratiate
Kway (Gway):
quash squash vanquish
but anguish*
languish*
*outline omits the G sound, and note
also that "relinquish distinguish extinguish" are contractions that
omit the "guish" part
Ith Thee:
etherish spathaceous acanthaceous
Ish (Zhee): freshish* Tarshish*
baksheesh/bakshish hasheesh/hashish beige-ish/beigeish*
*Suggested outlines, not in dictionary
Em Imp:
mash smash mesh mushroom Amish
(pronunciations vary)
Hamish machine
famish Flemish blemish Romish squeamish tam-o'-shanter
(=tammy, a type of beret/cap)
ambush impish lumpish dampish vampish frumpish
En Ing:
nash/gnash tenaceous pretentious Danish
tarnish burnish nourish
clannish mannish womanish admonish diminish
pernicious pugnacious carbonaceous licentious English*
*Contraction
initiate initiation initiative differentiate differentiation
Ell:
lash leash luscious slash slushy stylish
yellowish
delicious fallacious malicious demolish galoshes Galashiels
Wel:
Welsh/welch Walsh woolshed
Ar:
harsh Horsham Irish
Ray:
rash rush rawish parish bearish boorish
cherish marsh Marcia nightmarish Moorish
Horatio Hiroshima voracious*
veracious*
avaricious*
*voracious=huge appetite,
veracious=truthful, avaricious=greedy for gain
Hay Way Hway Yay:
hash hush wash woosh/whoosh wheyish
whitish yashmak
Reversed FR VR: fresh freshen
liverish silverish cleverish
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2. Upwards after
these strokes:
Dee:
dosh dash dish radish widish wildish
Yiddish
modish prudish saddish Swedish audacious
seditious mendacious
Eff Vee:
fish officious facetious
efficient/efficiently/efficiency*
sufficient/sufficiently/ sufficiency*
*Contractions
flash flesh afresh facia/fascia fasciation
lavish elvish slavish vivacious
ravish knavish feverish devilish
Ess (Zee):
associate associated association
Down Ell:
foolish vilish retain downward Ell of
"fool" & "vile",
compare Felisha Felicia
THR:
thrash thresh thrush three-ish
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Hook between
If there is a hook
between Ish and the stroke it is joined with, Ish will be written in
the most convenient direction:
1. Initial Ish
is always upwards before the following:
KL KR GR:
shackle shaker sugar chagrin/shagreen
Note: shocker*
*probably as a distinguishing outline
from "shaker"
reversed FR VR:
chauffeur Schaeffer shaver
shover shiver
MR:
shammer shamer shimmer
Other hooks do not
affect an initial Ish:
shopper shipper shepherd/Sheppard shoeblack shootable
shattery shattered shuttered shuddered shuttle shuddered shiner
shunner
shuffle shovel
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2. Final Ish
will follow the motion of the intervening hook ("similar motion"):
punish Spanish replenish banish brandish blondish outlandish
peevish briefish toughish deafish deficient/deficiently/deficiency*
Babylonish
*Contraction
finish vanish Cavendish faintish*/fiendish*
compare
faint fiend fiendishly
*There
is no room on the outline to show the different places occupied by
the vowel in the first syllable, so these two words have virtually
identical outlines. A non-theory suggestion would be to write
"fiendish" with the Ish through the line.
thinnish heathenish varnish furnish
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Hooked Ish
1. R Hook – Sher
is always down:
usher Esher shrew shrewish Shrewsbury
(note vowel)
sharp Shropshire shrapnel
shrub shrubbery sherbet shred shrewd shroud shredder shrewder
shark shirk shriek shrug shrew-mouse shrimp shrink
shrine enshrined shrill shroffage shrift shrivel Shrove
pusher pressure basher brasher brusher blusher
Derbyshire
(note vowel) dasher Cheshire
casher kosher gusher Note:
cashier
clasher crusher rasher rusher lavisher fisher/fissure
Note:
fishery
flasher fresher refresher thrasher thresher
finisher lasher slasher polisher masher smasher
burnisher tarnisher Shoreditch off-shore Ayrshire Perthshire
beneficiary tertiary fiduciary penitentiary evidentiary
Sher halved:
pressured fissured tonsured ushered
short*
shortest shorten shorter
*Short
form
Use Ray if Sher cannot
join:
punisher replenisher banisher
varnisher furnisher Note:
furniture
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2. L Hook – Shel
is always up, and the central vowel is not shown if it is a short E
or a slurred vowel:
shelf bookshelf shelve shellac shellfish
nuptial bushel racial Herschel specialist
Note:
special*
*Short form
potential provincial credential presidential fiducial
official facial beneficial superficial sacrificial
residential torrential deferential differential
Note: defer
differ
For -ly, add the dot vowel:
officially superficially initially essentially
sheepishly boyishly boorishly waspishly
lavishly slavishly peevishly feverishly
flashily fleshly fleshliness foolishly
Use for -ciality, and
the central IA vowels are not written:
partiality speciality*
specialty superficiality potentiality
*Note the vowel before the Tee
Used for some words
beginning "shel-" to gain a more convenient outline (there are no
words beginning "shl-" that they could clash with):
shilling Shelton Sheldon Shelburne
Never used on its own
for the word "shell", but can replace the
normal outline in compound words:
egg-shell snail-shell bomb-shell tortoise-shell*
*S is
not pronounced in this compound word, so no Circle S is shown in the
dictionary outline but if you did insert it, the outline would be
just as quick to write and probably be easier to recognise when
transcribing. Compare with "misshapen" above.
Can be halved for D in
derivatives:
marshall/martial marshalled bushelled
initialled
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3. N Hook
Stroke Ish + N Hook is
used instead of the Shun Hook after triphones and where the Shun
Hook is not convenient or appropriate to write:
continuation sinuation tuition situation*
striation*
*Direction of Ish balances the initial attachment
Shun Hook is not used in these derivatives because it would not join,
so full strokes are necessary:
nation nationhood secession secessionist concession concessionary
More details on
Theory 9 Shun Hook/On halved stroke & When not to use
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Halving
For past tenses, where
the Ish already makes an angle the direction can remain the same,
but these do need extra care as the angle is not very sharp and a
halved Ish is less clear than a full stroke:
pushed upshot splashed brushed blushed bloodshot dashed trashed
cashed gushed rushed gnashed astonished finished varnished
After curved strokes a
full-length Ish often continues the curve. But when halved it needs
an angle to show its different length, so it may need to change direction:
fish fished officiate officiator vitiate vitiation*
flash flashed
*to match vitiate, compare with fasciation
above
fresh freshet refresh refreshed impoverish impoverished
The same applies if
it is the curved stroke before or after that is halved:
flattish fetish shallot
If halving cannot be
done because no angle can be achieved in either direction, then
upward Ish+Tee is used:
lash lashed unleashed polish polished
abolish abolished relish relished demolish demolished
mashed smashed
meshed blemished famished skirmished –
these provide easier outlines than a halved upward Ish.
A joined "shunt/shund"
stroke is mostly written upwards to keep the outline moving
forwards. The examples in the second row show where Shun Hook cannot
be retained for the past tense (see also
Theory 9 Shun Hook/On halved stroke):
ancient initiand freshened machined
Note:
harshened
impassioned
sanctioned unctioned pensioned mentioned dimensioned
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Balancing, Angles &
Similar Motion
If a straight stroke
has an initial circle or hook, the Ish will go the opposite way to
balance the outline, with the purpose of keeping the stroke straight
(same as happens with Shun Hook). If all the curves went the same
way, the outline would be difficult to read and become illegible when written at speed.
"Similar motion" is
beneficial only between two consecutive curves to aid speed, so long
as it remains clear which strokes/hooks are involved. When the
outline has a mixture of straight and curved strokes, possibly of
different lengths, plus various hooks, then it is necessary to
introduce angles to keep it readable:
push plush splash spacious species bush blush bluish
precious prescience prescient brash brush soberish
tosh
superstitious*
but
trash atrocious nutritious Patricia bitterish
*Balance takes preference over lineality here, as a reliable outline
is more important than avoiding a descending outline.
fairish flourish squarish mopish mobbish would
be unreadable if written with downward Ish.
ashlar Schiller would be unreadable if written with upward Ish.
For SH-L-R words which are derivatives, as under, I would
suggest adding stroke Ray, in order to preserve the original outline, although
no precedent outline is available in the dictionary (stroke Ler can only be used
to replace an existing downward Ell):
marshaller*
busheller*
initialler*
*Suggested outlines, not in dictionary
After halved BR, the
Ish can remain downward, presumably as a help to distinguish them
from outlines that have full BR + upward Ish:
British*
broadish broadsheet Bradshaw
*Distinguishing outline, compare with brutish
below
In compound words and
phrases, the Ish may change direction in order to form the necessary
angle or continue the motion of the preceding hook:
sheets balance-sheets proof-sheets shots shoot off-shoot overshot
earshot
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Lineality
Ish goes upwards to
keep the outline compact, to avoid 3 or more descending strokes, but
only if the joins remain good:
bishop
sheepish sheepshank shipshape foppish
herbaceous furbish
brutish thirtyish fictitious
disputatious
patience patient, peashooter but
sharpshooter
for balance
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Derivatives
In compound words,
retain the original direction wherever possible:
shyly shoeless shoehorn ash-hole Ashley Ashford
compare
Sheila chauffeured
overshadow showroom snowshoe sash-line sash-window show-ground
unsocial antisocial shatterproof fish-shop toyshop
(compare bishop above)
shell-shock unshackle unsheathe
With most endings, the
direction of Ish does not need to change:
pushing bashing dashing crashing punishing finishing
washable crushable perishable flushable accomplishable*
*The stroke Kay represents the prefix "accom-" (see
Theory 18 Prefixes/Accom
page)
boyishness freshness bookishness brackishness stylishness
rashness noxiousness sluggishness foolishness
preciously atrociously audaciously tenaciously graciously
ferociously
The stroke direction
only changes to make a better join or more compact outline:
abolishable polishable demolishable
vicious viciousness but
viciously, fishiest
but
Fascist
to match
Fascism
round roundish oldish
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Suffix -ship
Stroke Ish is used to
denote the suffix "-ship" and occasionally the noun "ship" (=boat),
either joined or disjoined, and in full where that is more legible:
citizenship township friendship hardship courtship fellowship
worship
This is dealt with more
fully on Theory 20
Suffixes Contracted/ship page.
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Words of non-English origin
Words of French origin
often pronounce their longhand "ch" with the Ish sound, although the rest
of the word generally accords with English pronunciation. Avoid the error of using Chay to match
the longhand:
chandelier chamois château chaperon/chaperone charade charlatan
chauvinism chef Chevrolet chevron*
chevronel*
*The
normal rule is to use upwards Ish and reversed VR (as in
shaver above) but presumably the above form is used
to allow the derivative "chevronel"
chivalry chic chicane chicanery chiffon champagne
crèche cache cachet quiche panache
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Longhand spelling "sch"
varies in pronunciation:
SH: schist schmaltz schmooze
schnapps schnauzer* Schwarz**
* "shnowt-ser" ** "shvarts", dictionary outline, see "shw" version
above)
schnorkel schnorrer scheelite schilling schorl schottische
Schubert Schubertian borsch borscht meerschaum
schedule
(British=SH)
schedule (American=SK)
sciolto nasturtium
atichoo/atishoo issue*
issued issuer tissue*
tissued
*Dictionary outlines. If you used Ish you would then have to change
the past tenses to much longer outlines with full stroke Dee.
SK:
schema
scholar schizophrenia schizanthus
scherzo schism ischiatic eschatology
scholium schooner Pasch paschal
CH:
escheat eschew kitsch klatsch
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