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An affix is a grammatical addition, attached to one
end of a word, in order to expand or change its meaning:
Contracted suffixes:
-
Leave
out some of the consonants.
-
Are disjoined,
apart from "-ward" etc and some "-ship"
words.
-
Are not vocalised, except for
the U diphthong in "-uality."
-
Any third place
vowel that comes before a contracted suffix is written to the
preceding stroke.
-
The
placement of disjoined strokes is much easier when no vowels are
being written in.
-
A vowel before a
contracted suffix sometimes has no stroke that it can be written
to and so it is disregarded in those instances. Such vowels are
underlined in the longhand throughout this page.
-
Some
of the suffixes are whole words in their own right, and the
disjoined suffix can often be used in advanced phrases to
represent those words – "fullness mental mentality ship shipment
logical ability". Such phrases are not recommended for those
still learning the system, likely to produce more hesitation than speed.
These phrases will be included in a
future Phrasing page.
9.
-lessness
-lousness
Disjoined Ell + Circle S, never vocalised:
defencelessness
homelessness
hopelessness powerlessness recklessness
ruthlessness tirelessness uselessness
weightlessness carelessness* *Using
short form
callousness perilousness parlousness
garrulousness
ridiculousness tremulousness incredulousness
meticulousness
populousness scrupulousness fabulousness
querulousness*
*Can also be pronounced with a long "oo" vowel
instead of the U diphthong.
miraculousness frivolousness
in full because the L is in the hook.
The original direction of Ell is irrelevant for "-lessness",
as there is no join to affect the choice:
effortless effortlessness endless endlessness sunless sunlessness
As the "-lessness" suffix is never vocalised, it need
never clash with a "-less" that has had to be disjoined. If
necessary, you can put the vowel in "-less" as it is not a
contracted suffix:
friendless friendlessness
Neither textbooks nor dictionary has any mention of
the plural "-lessnesses" but it would be logical to change the
Circle S of the suffix to a Ses Circle.
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10.
-fulness
Disjoined Eff + Circle S, never vocalised.
The suffix
is tucked under the main outline, but the placement may vary
slightly so that the pen does not travel too far or awkwardly before
beginning the Eff stroke:
artfulness hurtfulness bashfulness bountifulness deceitfulness
eventfulness
faithfulness fearfulness fancifulness forgetfulness frightfulness
fruitfulness
gracefulness gratefulness healthfulness helpfulness hopefulness
harmfulness joyfulness lawfulness painfulness meaningfulness*
*Suggested outline, not in dictionary
peacefulness playfulness plentifulness spitefulness
lawfulness tactfulness*
*Suggested outline, not in dictionary
resourcefulness skilfulness usefulness fitfulness
hatefulness
watchfulness wastefulness
thoughtfulness*
youthfulness
*All variations with "thought" should
be vocalised, to distinguish from "thank" see
"thankfulness" below
Add to short form or contraction:
carefulness cheerfulness
thankfulness
truthfulness disrespectfulness but
wonderfulness* *This outline
does not use the short form, therefore stroke Way
is vocalised
In full: fullness awfulness
The disjoined suffix is not used in
beautifulness delightfulness
doubtfulness
as that would make a longer and less recognisable outline. Also
distinguishing outline
dutifulness.
See also
L Forms/3. Vowel
Indication/(b) Finally for more on "-ful -fully"
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11. -ment & -mental
-mentally -mentality
(a) -ment is written as per normal rules
wherever it can join. As such it does not count as a contracted
suffix and so is vocalised:
payment oddment ointment argument garment easement assessment
arrangement raiment disbursement moment movement
apartment compartment lament annulment amusement*
amazement*
*All variations of these two should
always have the second vowel inserted.
Where the "-ment" cannot join, the outline or the suffix may
change to enable a join. A disjoin is not possible for "-ment"
because that it used for "-mental" etc:
amending amendment assorting assortment bereave bereavement
A preceding N Hook may be omitted to allow the suffix
to join, and such outlines are then generally classed as
Contractions:
abandonment appointment enlightenment entertainment assignment
atone atoning atonement*
atonement/attainment*
contentment
compare
torment
* Choice of outlines for "atonement",
either in full or contraction. Keep the halved En short so it does
not look like "atoning". As "atonement" and "attainment"
share the same contracted outline, inserting the second vowel would
be helpful.
Where a final "-ment" cannot join satisfactorily, the
M sound is omitted and only "-ent" is written. This is necessary
because a disjoined "mnt" is allocated to "mental/ly/ity". This
counts as a contracted suffix and is therefore is not vocalised; any
third place vowel coming before the suffix must be written against
the previous stroke.
There is never any need to disjoin the -nt:
postponement enchantment refinement confinement arraignment
achievement pavement approvement deferment preferment merriment
resentment consignment commandment ascertainment monument
effacement defacement commencement announcement
pronouncement
denouncement enhancement (enhance) imprisonment
accompaniment advancement tenement alignment
enlistment
discernment to distinguish from
discerning
Take care that the halved En does not resemble an
Ing, which would have a similar meaning in some cases e.g. "the
postponement of the interview" or "the postponing of the interview".
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(b) -mental
-mentally -mentality
The suffix -mnt is disjoined to represent all these
three, and is never vocalised. As they are separate parts of speech
(adjective, adverb and noun) they are unlikely to clash in meaning.
The text lines below show only the first of the three endings, for
the sake of simplicity:
compartmental departmental detrimental developmental instrumental
monumental
governmental*
regimental segmental sacramental documental
*Using contraction
environmental*
argumental*
fragmental*
incremental judgemental/judgmental
*Suggested outlines, not in dictionary
sentimental supplemental temperamental fundamental
(fundament)
These are written in full, adding the dot vowel for
"-ly":
mental mentally aliment alimental element elemental
ornament ornamental uses Ray so that the Em
can join.
The lone word "mentality" is written with disjoined
Tee, see "-ality" section
below.
-mentalism -mentalist and similar expansions of the
suffix are written in full:
experiment experimental/experimentally/experimentality
experimentist experimented
experimentalism experimentalist
experimenter
mentalism*
mentalist*
fundamentalist
*Suggested outlines, not in dictionary
environmentalist
environmentalism
sentimentalist
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12. -ship
(a) Generally a joined or disjoined Ish, unvocalised.
Circle S can be added as normal:
airmanship chairmanship championship draughtsmanship craftsmanship
horsemanship marksmanship workmanship statesmanship
sportsmanship penmanship one-up-manship seamanship*
*The 3rd place vowel stays with the
Ess, as this is a compound word.
senatorship companionship traineeship*
citizenship
*Note the 3rd place vowel is written
to the En, and not the Ish
friendship friendships township
townships guardianship
governorship*
*Optional contraction
kingship ownership partnership
entrepreneurship*
*Shorthand dictionary gives this with
French pronunciation, but it is shown here anglicised.
relationship interrelationship*
sponsorship censorship
*It is helpful to exaggerate the
slight angle between the doubled En and the Ray.
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Disjoined, with the Ish written downwards:
readership leadership ladyship scholarship rulership chancellorship
apprenticeship discipleship kinship courtship membership doctorship
editorship
managership ambassadorship directorship*
*choice of pronunciations
proprietorship inspectorship
collectorship
dealership controllership receivership premiership authorship
dictatorship spectatorship hardship stewardship midship midshipman
lordship*
trusteeship tutorship chaplainship compare
chaplainc
*Choice of short form or contraction
These are clearer in full and are vocalised as
normal:
fellowship worship apostleship
If a speaker made up a similar word ending in the
syllable "-ish", you would need to put in the vowel to show that the stroke
Ish is being used as normal and not as the "-ship" suffix:
salesmanship showmanship salesman-ish showman-ish
(b) "ship" (=boat) used as a noun or verb in a
compound word is joined, as per normal rules:
airship/heirship storeship starship steamship
flagship longship warship reship unship
If it cannot be joined, rather than disjoin the whole
of "ship", it copies the suffix by using an unvocalised disjoined
Ish:
troopship fireship lightship spaceship battleship
Note: tranship*
transhipment transship*
transshipment shipment
*Same meanings
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13. -ward -wart -wort -yard
These are written with a halved Way or Yay,
omitting the R:
upward onward outward inward backward downward awkward reward
Note
rewarded
stalwart lungwort mugwort moonwort thwart athwart
backyard coalyard graveyard lanyard shipyard steelyard vineyard
When halved Way does not make a good join, use Ard,
or Ray halved, with medial W sign; this is vocalised, as it does not count as a
contracted suffix:
eastward seaward landward windward heavenward
Way halved may also be used for "-wood" in names,
and this is also vocalised:
Norwood Northwood Brentwood Linwood Harwood Kingswood
Hayward Edward
using the contracted suffix, and Heywood/Haywood
with all full strokes for extra differentiation;
Rosewood for extra legibility after the circle
S.
In phrases, halved Way and Yay can replace short
forms "word" "would" "yard" if the short forms do not join easily :
these words, every word, they would, we would, 500 yards, several
yards
Apart from these contracted suffixes, the only other
instances of longhand letter R being omitted in outlines are in
worsted (woollen material) and Worcester. All other words
spelled with letter R must show it in the outline, even though its
pronunciation is often slurred or absent in many English
accents.
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14. -logical -logically
Disjoined Jay. The text lines below show only the
first of the two endings, for the sake of simplicity:
analogical archaeological biological philological physiological
cosmological etymological
entomological
eschatological genealogical
geological
chronological horological
ideological meteorological*
*The Jay could go further up, for the sake of
lineality, when this outline is not being vocalised
mineralogical*
ornithological pathological pharmacological
*One of the older New Era
dictionaries (1950's) gives the Jay tucked underneath the En, but
this version (from the 1974 dictionary) is preferable.
psychological
sociological bacteriological*
seismological*
*Suggested outline, not in dictionary
technological terminological theological
zoological
tautological
logical logically
-logy -logist and -loger are written in full, as per
normal rules:
biology geology meteorology neurology technology physiology
biologist geologist geologer chronologer mythologer
See below for logicality
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15. -lity -rity
-
Both
these suffixes are indicated by disjoining the stroke that comes before.
-
The first vowel of
the suffix varies:
-ality -ility -elity -olity -lty -alty -elty -eality -iality
-ualty -uality
-arity -erity -ority
-
The disjoined
stroke stands for itself plus any of the above variations i.e.
the suffix itself is not actually written.
-
The disjoined
stroke is not vocalised, except for diphthong U in -uality.
-
In a few instances
the disjoined stroke has an R Hook (liberality
neutrality)
Where possible, the vowel immediately before the
disjoined stroke is written against the previous stroke, even if it
is a 3rd place vowel. Where this vowel cannot be written in (because
the preceding consonant is a circle or hook, so there is nowhere to
place it) the vowel sign is omitted:
profitability = profita B ility but
compressibility = compress (i) B ility
profitable
compressible
The unwritable vowel is underlined throughout this
page:
The disjoined stroke takes no vowel sign, except the
U diphthong. The vowel after the U is deemed to be part of the
suffix and so is not shown by the usual tick on the diphthong:
eventuality = even TU ality
intellectuality punctuality
The L or R of "-lity -rity etc" is not shown in the
outline, it is only inferred by disjoining the stroke before. If
there is a disjoined Ell or Ray, it is because that is a separate
sound that precedes the suffix e.g:
popularity admiralty
popu L arity - disjoin the Ell, and the R in -arity
is not written.
admi R alty - disjoin the Ray, and the L in -alty is
not written.
The examples below are listed based on the stroke
that is being disjoined, rather than the exact ending itself:
Pee
principality municipality prosperity
Bee
acceptability admissibility availability
comprehensibility
flexibility
attainability adaptability possibility* impossibility
imponderability *Optional
contraction
credibility desirability durability expansibility feasibility
fusibility immutability inability inconvertibility inevitability
stability instability visibility invisibility irritability
mobility nobility portability predictability capability reliability
sociability (but
sociable)
suitability verbality
liberality barbarity
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Tee Dee
ductility gentility hostility hospitality
mentality*
*see
above for when used as a suffix
mortality neutrality
utility
versatility volatility*
*The 1974 shorthand dictionary gives the outline
entirely in full strokes, but an earlier 1950's New Era dictionary gives it as above,
which is preferable. No clash is apparent that would call for using full strokes.
fidelity infidelity feudality solidarity
posterity dexterity*
Note: dextral dextrality**
*manual skilfulness **right-handedness
Jay
fragility vagility majority
A disjoined Jay also represents "-logical -logically", but as the above
words are the only examples found, this presents no problem.
Kay Gay
comicality
practicality technicality rascality
logicality*
illogicality*
criticality*
musicality*
paradoxicality*
*Suggested outlines, not in
dictionary
prodigality frugality regality
vulgarity
Vee
conviviality frivolity joviality novelty servility
Ish Zhee
sensuality casualty
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Em En
formality normality*
abnormality* *Choice of
contracted or full outline
carnality geniality congeniality originality
juvenility finality minority*
*Choice of pronunciations
Ell
polarity bipolarity popularity
similarity insularity*
*Choice of contracted or full outline
angularity granularity singularity jocularity
regularity irregularity
Note contractions:
peculiar/peculiarity
familiar/familiarity
Ray
plurality severalty ephemerality*
ethereality*
*Suggested outlines, not in
dictionary
generality*
unreality
admiralty mayoralty
*Not using short form, therefore
vocalised
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Written in full:
The suffix is written in full if that produces a
better outline, or if the above contracted suffix cannot be written:
(a) in short words where there is only one stroke
before the suffix, i.e. the stroke has nothing that it can be
disjoined from:
ability agility jollity cruelty reality celerity
frailty sterility actuality duality humility
modality polity loyalty royalty sociality
senility sonority
(b) where the consonant that would be disjoined is
represented by something other than a stroke, i.e. there is no
stroke to disjoin:
Circle: causality docility
facility sincerity imbecility
R Hook:
scurrility morality Note:
moral
L Hook:
clarity circularity equality*
*Alternative using short form
faculty verticality classicality topicality
civility penalty personality tonality veniality
artificiality essentiality partiality impartiality potentiality
provinciality speciality specialty substantiality superficiality
In the above examples, note that -ciality & -tiality
omit the diphone IA, leaving the Shel stroke unvocalised. This
avoids striking the diphone sign through the Ish in a very awkward
corner where there is not really room for it. The outlines are
perfectly readable without it.
Shun Hook:
rationality nationality
conventionality constitutionality*
*This is normal disjoining out of
necessity, not a special suffix.
Halving:
austerity fertility spirituality*
*Using short form
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(c) where the word is easier or clearer written in
full:
accessibility asperity centrality compatibility incompatibility
cordiality incivility lineality rurality
puerility triviality tranquillity/tranquility sorority temerity
(d) Avoided in some distinguishing outline pairs:
disparity disability, juniority geniality, futurity futility
locality legality, corporeality corporeity
(e) Not used for similar-looking adjectives, where it
is not a suffix:
faulty guilty malty salty silty
(f) The contracted suffix is never used for -urity
-ulity -iority. This seems to be mainly because all the existing
words happen to fall into the above categories for writing in full:
purity impurity security insecurity
maturity immaturity credulity incredulity
sedulity
obscurity*
garrulity priority
*Optional contraction
superiority inferiority seniority priority
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